# The World Power Web — data companion

Snapshot: **early 2026** · 226 actors · 722 connections (379 bilateral + 343 bloc memberships)

This file lists every connection shown in the interactive map `world-power-network.html`, with the codes used, the full bloc rosters, and the sources the overall picture is drawn from.

## Codes

Relationship types (line colors in the map):

| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| `def` | Defense / military pact |
| `proxy` | Patron → armed client / proxy |
| `econ` | Economic / financial |
| `energy` | Energy |
| `infl` | Influence / diplomatic |
| `rival` | Rivalry / conflict |
| `lev` | Structural leverage (water, straits, money, chips) |
| `cul` | Historical & language ties |
| `un` | UNSC voting alignment |
| `mem` | Bloc membership |

Regions: `na` = North America; `lac` = Latin America & Caribbean; `eu` = Europe; `ea` = Russia & Post-Soviet Eurasia; `me` = Middle East & North Africa; `af` = Sub-Saharan Africa; `sa` = South Asia; `eaas` = East Asia; `sea` = Southeast Asia; `oc` = Oceania & Pacific; `org` = Bloc / organization; `ns` = Armed non-state actor.

Alignments: `west` = US-led West & treaty partners; `sr` = China–Russia axis & partners; `multi` = Multi-aligned / hedging; `org` = Bloc / organization; `ns` = Armed non-state actor.

## Method and honest caveats

This is a curated simplification of an enormous reality, built for orientation rather than as a database of record. Node size equals the number of connections drawn here, so it reflects how networked an actor is in this dataset, not GDP or military power as such. "Alignment" is a judgment call: many states (India, Turkey, the Gulf monarchies, most of Africa and Southeast Asia) hedge deliberately, and the `multi` label is doing a lot of work. Memberships are as of early 2026; suspensions and the BRICS partner tier are noted inline. Contested links — such as external support to the RSF in Sudan or to M23 in eastern DR Congo — follow published UN Panel of Experts reporting and are denied by the governments named. Fast-moving conflicts (Ukraine, Sudan, the Sahel, the Middle East) may have shifted after this snapshot was compiled. European micro-states, and a handful of other very small polities, are folded into the EU/regional picture rather than drawn separately.

## Blocs and memberships

### UN Security Council
The UN's top table: 15 seats, 5 of them permanent with veto power.
Members: United States (permanent - veto power); United Kingdom (permanent - veto power); France (permanent - veto power); Russia (permanent - veto power); China (permanent - veto power); Denmark (elected seat, 2025-26); Greece (elected seat, 2025-26); Pakistan (elected seat, 2025-26); Panama (elected seat, 2025-26); Somalia (elected seat, 2025-26); Bahrain (elected seat, 2026-27); Colombia (elected seat, 2026-27); DR Congo (elected seat, 2026-27); Latvia (elected seat, 2026-27); Liberia (elected seat, 2026-27).
Sources: [United Nations Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council); [UN Charter, Ch. V (Art. 27: voting & veto)](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-5); [UN veto dataset (DPPA, updated daily)](https://psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES); [Book: The Procedure of the UN Security Council (Sievers & Daws)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Procedure%20of%20the%20UN%20Security%20Council)

### NATO
32-member collective-defense pact (Article 5), anchored by the US.
Members: United States; Canada; United Kingdom; France; Germany; Italy; Spain; Portugal; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Denmark; Norway; Iceland; Poland; Czechia; Slovakia; Hungary; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece; Turkey; Albania; Croatia; Montenegro; North Macedonia; Slovenia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Finland (joined 2023); Sweden (joined 2024).
Sources: [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO)

### European Union
27-state single market and political union; a trade superpower.
Members: Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czechia; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden.
Sources: [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union)

### Five Eyes
Anglosphere signals-intelligence sharing pact (UKUSA).
Members: United States; United Kingdom; Canada; Australia; New Zealand.
Sources: [Five Eyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Eyes)

### AUKUS
US–UK–Australia pact: nuclear submarines and advanced tech.
Members: United States; United Kingdom; Australia.
Sources: [AUKUS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUKUS)

### Quad
US–Japan–India–Australia maritime coordination vs China.
Members: United States; Japan; India; Australia.
Sources: [Quadrilateral Security Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue)

### G7
Club of leading Western industrial democracies.
Members: United States; United Kingdom; France; Germany; Italy; Japan; Canada; European Union (participant).
Sources: [G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7)

### BRICS
11-member counterweight to the G7; building non-dollar payment rails.
Members: Brazil; Russia; India (2026 chair); China; South Africa; Egypt (joined 2024); Ethiopia (joined 2024); Iran (joined 2024); UAE (joined 2024); Saudi Arabia (full member since 2025); Indonesia (joined 2025); Belarus (partner country); Bolivia (partner country); Cuba (partner country); Kazakhstan (partner country); Malaysia (partner country); Nigeria (partner country); Thailand (partner country); Uganda (partner country); Uzbekistan (partner country); Vietnam (partner country).
Sources: [BRICS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS)

### SCO
Eurasian security club led by China and Russia.
Members: China; Russia; India; Pakistan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Iran (joined 2023); Belarus (joined 2024).
Sources: [Shanghai Cooperation Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation)

### CSTO
Russia-led mutual-defense treaty of post-Soviet states.
Members: Russia; Belarus; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Armenia (participation frozen since 2024).
Sources: [Collective Security Treaty Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization)

### EAEU
Russia-led customs and economic union.
Members: Russia; Belarus; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Armenia.
Sources: [Eurasian Economic Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union)

### GCC
Gulf Cooperation Council of the six Arab monarchies.
Members: Saudi Arabia; UAE; Qatar; Kuwait; Bahrain; Oman.
Sources: [Gulf Cooperation Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council)

### Arab League
22-member league of Arab states.
Members: Algeria; Bahrain; Comoros; Djibouti; Egypt; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Oman; Palestine; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Somalia; Sudan; Syria (reinstated 2023); Tunisia; UAE; Yemen.
Sources: [Arab League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League)

### OPEC
Oil cartel; with Russia and others it runs OPEC+ (~40% of supply).
Members: Saudi Arabia (de facto leader); Iran; Iraq; Kuwait; UAE; Algeria; Libya; Nigeria; Venezuela; Gabon; Equatorial Guinea; Congo (Republic); Russia (OPEC+ partner); Kazakhstan (OPEC+ partner); Azerbaijan (OPEC+ partner); Oman (OPEC+ partner); Mexico (OPEC+ partner); Malaysia (OPEC+ partner); Bahrain (OPEC+ partner); Brunei (OPEC+ partner); Sudan (OPEC+ partner); South Sudan (OPEC+ partner).
Sources: [OPEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map)

### ASEAN
Southeast Asia's 11-member bloc; consensus-driven, courted by all sides.
Members: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand; Vietnam; Brunei; Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar (suspended from summits); Timor-Leste (admitted 2025).
Sources: [ASEAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN)

### African Union
All-Africa union of 55 members; several junta-led states suspended.
Members: Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso (suspended); Burundi; Cabo Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo (Republic); Côte d'Ivoire; DR Congo; Djibouti; Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Eswatini; Ethiopia (hosts AU HQ); Gabon (suspended); Gambia; Ghana; Guinea (suspended); Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali (suspended); Mauritania; Mauritius; Morocco (rejoined 2017); Mozambique; Namibia; Niger (suspended); Nigeria; Rwanda; São Tomé & Príncipe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan; Sudan (suspended); Tanzania; Togo; Tunisia; Uganda; Western Sahara (SADR) (its seat drove Morocco's 1984 exit); Zambia; Zimbabwe.
Sources: [African Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union)

### ECOWAS
West African bloc, weakened by the 2025 exit of the Sahel juntas.
Members: Benin; Cabo Verde; Côte d'Ivoire; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea (suspended since 2021 coup); Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Nigeria (anchor economy); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo.
Sources: [Economic Community of West African States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States)

### Alliance of Sahel States
Junta bloc that quit ECOWAS and swapped France for Russia.
Members: Mali; Burkina Faso; Niger.
Sources: [Alliance of Sahel States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States)

### Turkic States (OTS)
Turkey-led bloc of Turkic-speaking states.
Members: Turkey (de facto leader); Azerbaijan; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Turkmenistan (observer); Hungary (observer).
Sources: [Organization of Turkic States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States)

### Mercosur
South American customs union; Venezuela suspended.
Members: Brazil; Argentina; Uruguay; Paraguay; Bolivia (full member since 2024).
Sources: [Mercosur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur)

### Pacific Islands Forum
Regional body where Australia/NZ and China's outreach collide.
Members: Australia; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Fiji; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; Samoa; Tonga; Kiribati; Tuvalu; Nauru; Marshall Islands; Micronesia; Palau.
Sources: [Pacific Islands Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum)

### CARICOM
Caribbean community and single market.
Members: Antigua & Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Dominica; Grenada; Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica; St. Kitts & Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent & Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad & Tobago.
Sources: [CARICOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARICOM)

### OAS
Hemispheric body; Cuba excluded from participation, Venezuela and Nicaragua withdrew.
Members: United States; Canada; Mexico; Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; El Salvador; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia; Chile; Argentina; Paraguay; Uruguay; Brazil; Guyana; Suriname; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Trinidad & Tobago; Barbados; Bahamas; Antigua & Barbuda; Dominica; Grenada; St. Kitts & Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent & Grenadines.
Sources: [Organization of American States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States)

### IMF & World Bank
Bretton Woods core of the dollar-based financial order.
Members: United States (largest shareholder; effective veto); Japan (second-largest shareholder); Germany (top-four shareholder); China (third-largest; builds NDB/AIIB alternatives).
Sources: [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund); [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank); [Book: Underground Empire (Farrell & Newman)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Underground%20Empire); [Book: Treasury's War (Juan Zarate)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Treasury%27s%20War)

## Direct strategic links, by type

Every row carries its own sources: Wikipedia anchor articles (shown by title; 'X–Y relations' entries go through Wikipedia's search so they never dead-end), books marked 'Book:', and original UN records where used.

### Defense / military pact (96)
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Japan | Mutual security treaty; ~55k US troops | [United States–Japan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Japan%20relations); [Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Treaty%20of%20Mutual%20Cooperation%20and%20Security%20Between%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Japan) |
| United States | South Korea | 1953 Mutual Defense Treaty; ~28k troops | [United States–South Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93South%20Korea%20relations); [Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mutual%20Defense%20Treaty%20Between%20the%20United%20States%20and%20the%20Republic%20of%20Korea) |
| United States | Philippines | 1951 treaty; EDCA base access expanded | [United States–Philippines relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Philippines%20relations); [Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mutual%20Defense%20Treaty%20%28United%20States%E2%80%93Philippines%29); [Filipino Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Filipino%20Americans) |
| United States | Australia | ANZUS treaty; AUKUS submarines | [United States–Australia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Australia%20relations); [AUKUS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUKUS); [ANZUS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZUS) |
| United States | Thailand | Treaty ally (Manila Pact) that hedges toward China | [United States–Thailand relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Thailand%20relations) |
| United States | Taiwan | Taiwan Relations Act: arms, strategic ambiguity | [United States–Taiwan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Taiwan%20relations); [Taiwan Relations Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act) |
| United States | Israel | Closest Mideast ally; $3.8bn/yr military aid | [United States–Israel relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Israel%20relations) |
| United States | Saudi Arabia | Oil-for-security bargain since 1945; pact talks | [United States–Saudi Arabia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Saudi%20Arabia%20relations) |
| United States | Qatar | Al Udeid airbase; major non-NATO ally | [United States–Qatar relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Qatar%20relations); [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally); [Al Udeid Air Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Al%20Udeid%20Air%20Base) |
| United States | Bahrain | US Fifth Fleet headquarters | [United States–Bahrain relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Bahrain%20relations) |
| United States | Kuwait | Major non-NATO ally; prepositioned forces | [United States–Kuwait relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Kuwait%20relations); [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) |
| United States | UAE | Al Dhafra base; arms sales | [United States–United Arab Emirates relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93United%20Arab%20Emirates%20relations) |
| United States | Jordan | Bases and aid; major non-NATO ally | [United States–Jordan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Jordan%20relations); [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) |
| United States | Egypt | $1.3bn/yr military aid since Camp David | [United States–Egypt relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Egypt%20relations); [Camp David Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords) |
| United States | Iraq | Coalition presence winding down 2025–26 | [United States–Iraq relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Iraq%20relations) |
| United States | Colombia | Plan Colombia legacy; major non-NATO ally | [United States–Colombia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Colombia%20relations); [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally); [Plan Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Plan%20Colombia) |
| United States | Kenya | Major non-NATO ally (2024); counterterrorism | [United States–Kenya relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Kenya%20relations); [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) |
| United States | Morocco | Major non-NATO ally; backs its W. Sahara claim | [United States–Morocco relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Morocco%20relations); [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) |
| United States | Somalia | AFRICOM strikes against al-Shabaab | [United States–Somalia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Somalia%20relations) |
| United States | Djibouti | Camp Lemonnier, the main US base in Africa | [United States–Djibouti relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Djibouti%20relations) |
| United States | India | Major defense partner; iCET tech pacts | [United States–India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93India%20relations) |
| United States | Ukraine | Chief arms source since 2022; flows now conditional | [United States–Ukraine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Ukraine%20relations); [United States military aid to Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%20military%20aid%20to%20Ukraine) |
| United States | Singapore | Logistics hub; Changi access | [United States–Singapore relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Singapore%20relations) |
| United States | Marshall Islands | Compact of Free Association: US runs defense | [United States–Marshall Islands relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Marshall%20Islands%20relations); [Compact of Free Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association) |
| United States | Micronesia | Compact of Free Association | [United States–Micronesia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Micronesia%20relations); [Compact of Free Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association) |
| United States | Palau | Compact of Free Association; radar site | [United States–Palau relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Palau%20relations); [Compact of Free Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association) |
| United States | Canada | NORAD air defense; USMCA economy | [United States–Canada relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Canada%20relations); [NORAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD); [United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada%20Agreement) |
| United States | United Kingdom | 'Special relationship': nuclear and intelligence | [United States–United Kingdom relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93United%20Kingdom%20relations) |
| United States | Germany | Ramstein etc.: largest US force hub in Europe | [United States–Germany relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Germany%20relations) |
| United States | Poland | Permanent garrison; missile-defense site | [United States–Poland relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Poland%20relations) |
| United States | Denmark | Pituffik base; 2025 pressure over Greenland | [United States–Denmark relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Denmark%20relations); [Proposed United States acquisition of Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Proposed%20United%20States%20acquisition%20of%20Greenland) |
| China | Russia | 'No-limits' partnership, short of a formal alliance | [China–Russia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Russia%20relations); [China–Russia relations since 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Russia%20relations%20since%202022); [Book: The Long Game (Rush Doshi)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Long%20Game) |
| China | North Korea | 1961 treaty — Beijing's only formal ally | [China–North Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93North%20Korea%20relations); [Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sino-North%20Korean%20Mutual%20Aid%20and%20Cooperation%20Friendship%20Treaty) |
| China | Pakistan | 'All-weather' ally; $60bn+ CPEC corridor | [China–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Pakistan%20relations); [China–Pakistan Economic Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor) |
| China | Cambodia | Ream naval base access | [China–Cambodia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Cambodia%20relations); [Ream Naval Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ream%20Naval%20Base) |
| China | Djibouti | First overseas PLA base (2017) | [China–Djibouti relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Djibouti%20relations) |
| China | Solomon Islands | 2022 security and policing pact | [China–Solomon Islands relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Solomon%20Islands%20relations); [China–Solomon Islands security agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Solomon%20Islands%20security%20agreement) |
| Russia | Belarus | Union State; tactical nukes deployed | [Russia–Belarus relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Belarus%20relations); [Union State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_State) |
| Russia | North Korea | 2024 mutual-defense treaty; DPRK troops | [Russia–North Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93North%20Korea%20relations); [North Korea–Russia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/North%20Korea%E2%80%93Russia%20Comprehensive%20Strategic%20Partnership%20Treaty) |
| Russia | Iran | 2025 strategic treaty; Shahed drones | [Russia–Iran relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Iran%20relations); [Iran–Russia strategic partnership treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Russia%20strategic%20partnership%20treaty) |
| Russia | India | Legacy arms (S-400) plus discounted oil | [Russia–India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93India%20relations) |
| Russia | Armenia | Gyumri base; ties badly strained | [Russia–Armenia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Armenia%20relations) |
| Russia | Venezuela | Arms, advisers, oil workarounds | [Russia–Venezuela relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Venezuela%20relations) |
| Russia | Algeria | Top African arms client | [Russia–Algeria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Algeria%20relations) |
| Russia | Alliance of Sahel States | Arms and Africa Corps for the junta bloc | [Alliance of Sahel States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States); [Russia–Alliance of Sahel States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Alliance%20of%20Sahel%20States%20relations); [Africa Corps (Russia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Africa%20Corps%20%28Russia%29) |
| Russia | Vietnam | Legacy arms partner | [Russia–Vietnam relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Vietnam%20relations) |
| Iran | North Korea | Reported missile cooperation | [Iran–North Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93North%20Korea%20relations) |
| Iran | Sudan | Drones to the army (2024) | [Iran–Sudan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Sudan%20relations) |
| Israel | Azerbaijan | Arms-for-oil; drone technology | [Israel–Azerbaijan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Azerbaijan%20relations) |
| Israel | India | Top-tier arms client | [Israel–India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93India%20relations) |
| Israel | Germany | Submarines; 'special responsibility' | [Israel–Germany relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Germany%20relations) |
| Israel | Morocco | Abraham Accords plus a defense MoU | [Israel–Morocco relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco%20relations); [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords) |
| Saudi Arabia | Pakistan | 2025 mutual-defense pact | [Saudi Arabia–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%93Pakistan%20relations); [Saudi Arabia–Pakistan mutual defense agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%93Pakistan%20mutual%20defense%20agreement) |
| Qatar | Turkey | Turkish base; 2017 blockade lifeline | [Qatar–Turkey relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar%E2%80%93Turkey%20relations) |
| Turkey | Syria | Patron of the post-Assad government | [Turkey–Syria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Syria%20relations); [Tigris–Euphrates river system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates%20river%20system) |
| Turkey | Libya | 2019 pact: troops and drones for Tripoli | [Turkey–Libya relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Libya%20relations) |
| Turkey | Somalia | Largest overseas base; 2024 naval deal | [Turkey–Somalia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Somalia%20relations) |
| Turkey | Azerbaijan | 'One nation, two states'; Shusha pact | [Turkey–Azerbaijan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Azerbaijan%20relations); [Shusha Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shusha%20Declaration) |
| Turkey | Ukraine | Bayraktar drones; grain diplomacy | [Turkey–Ukraine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Ukraine%20relations) |
| Turkey | Ethiopia | Armed-drone supplier | [Turkey–Ethiopia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Ethiopia%20relations) |
| Turkey | Pakistan | Defense-industry partnership | [Turkey–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Pakistan%20relations) |
| Egypt | Somalia | 2024 defense pact against Ethiopia | [Egypt–Somalia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt%E2%80%93Somalia%20relations) |
| Egypt | Sudan | Backs the army; historic ties | [Egypt–Sudan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt%E2%80%93Sudan%20relations) |
| Egypt | Libyan National Army (LNA) | Backs the eastern camp | [Libyan National Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Libyan%20National%20Army) |
| United Kingdom | France | Lancaster House defense treaties | [United Kingdom–France relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Kingdom%E2%80%93France%20relations) |
| United Kingdom | Ukraine | Security pact; Storm Shadow missiles | [United Kingdom–Ukraine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Kingdom%E2%80%93Ukraine%20relations) |
| France | Ukraine | Security pact; Mirages, SCALP | [France–Ukraine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Ukraine%20relations) |
| Germany | Ukraine | Second-largest arms donor | [Germany–Ukraine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany%E2%80%93Ukraine%20relations) |
| Poland | Ukraine | Arms gateway; grain frictions | [Poland–Ukraine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine%20relations) |
| NATO | Kosovo | KFOR keeps the peace | [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO); [Kosovo–NATO relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kosovo%E2%80%93NATO%20relations); [Kosovo Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kosovo%20Force) |
| United Kingdom | Japan | Access agreement plus GCAP fighter | [United Kingdom–Japan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Kingdom%E2%80%93Japan%20relations); [Global Combat Air Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Global%20Combat%20Air%20Programme) |
| Italy | Japan | GCAP fighter partner | [Italy–Japan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Italy%E2%80%93Japan%20relations); [Global Combat Air Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Global%20Combat%20Air%20Programme) |
| Armenia | France | Arms sales as Russia recedes | [Armenia–France relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Armenia%E2%80%93France%20relations); [Armenians in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Armenians%20in%20France) |
| Armenia | India | Artillery and air-defense buyer | [Armenia–India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Armenia%E2%80%93India%20relations) |
| France | Côte d'Ivoire | Base handed over 2025; ties remain | [France–Côte d'Ivoire relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93C%C3%B4te%20d%27Ivoire%20relations) |
| France | Djibouti | Largest French base abroad | [France–Djibouti relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Djibouti%20relations) |
| Rwanda | Mozambique | Troops guard Cabo Delgado gas | [Rwanda–Mozambique relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rwanda%E2%80%93Mozambique%20relations) |
| Kenya | Haiti | Leads the UN-backed anti-gang mission | [Kenya–Haiti relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kenya%E2%80%93Haiti%20relations) |
| Japan | Djibouti | Japan's only overseas base | [Japan–Djibouti relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93Djibouti%20relations) |
| Venezuela | Cuba | Oil-for-doctors alliance; ALBA core | [Venezuela–Cuba relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela%E2%80%93Cuba%20relations) |
| Japan | South Korea | US-brokered Camp David trilateral | [Japan–South Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93South%20Korea%20relations); [Japan–Korea disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93Korea%20disputes) |
| Japan | Philippines | 2024 Reciprocal Access Agreement | [Japan–Philippines relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93Philippines%20relations) |
| Japan | Australia | Access pact; quasi-allies | [Japan–Australia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93Australia%20relations) |
| India | France | Rafales, submarines; strategic-autonomy partners | [India–France relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93France%20relations) |
| India | Bhutan | Treaty; guides Thimphu's diplomacy | [India–Bhutan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Bhutan%20relations) |
| Myanmar | Russia | Arms and legitimacy for the junta | [Myanmar–Russia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Myanmar%E2%80%93Russia%20relations) |
| Australia | Papua New Guinea | 2025 Pukpuk mutual-defense treaty | [Australia–Papua New Guinea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Australia%E2%80%93Papua%20New%20Guinea%20relations); [Pukpuk Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pukpuk%20Treaty) |
| Australia | Tuvalu | Falepili Union: climate plus security veto | [Australia–Tuvalu relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Australia%E2%80%93Tuvalu%20relations); [Falepili Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Falepili%20Union) |
| Saudi Arabia | UAE | Yemen-war partners turned friendly rivals: oil quotas, ports, influence | [Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%93United%20Arab%20Emirates%20relations) |
| United Kingdom | Oman | Duqm base and treaty ties running back centuries | [United Kingdom–Oman relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Kingdom%E2%80%93Oman%20relations); [Duqm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Duqm) |
| France | Egypt | Rafale jets and warships - Cairo's European armorer | [France–Egypt relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Egypt%20relations) |
| France | UAE | Permanent French base in Abu Dhabi; 80 Rafales ordered | [France–United Arab Emirates relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93United%20Arab%20Emirates%20relations) |
| France | Greece | 2021 pact with a mutual-defense clause; Rafales and Belharra frigates | [France–Greece relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Greece%20relations); [Greece–France defense agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greece%E2%80%93France%20defense%20agreement) |
| India | Australia | Malabar drills and the ECTA trade pact - the Quad's southern axis | [India–Australia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Australia%20relations) |
| Russia | Tajikistan | The 201st base - Russia's largest abroad; a remittance lifeline | [Russia–Tajikistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Tajikistan%20relations) |
| Russia | Kyrgyzstan | Kant airbase; the other Central Asian garrison | [Russia–Kyrgyzstan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan%20relations) |

### UNSC voting alignment (4)
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | United Kingdom | P3 bloc: vote together on nearly every text; London hasn't vetoed since 1989 | [UN veto dataset (DPPA)](https://psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES); [SCR: Living with the Veto (Apr 2026)](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-04/in-hindsight-living-with-the-veto.php); [Book: The Procedure of the UN Security Council (Sievers & Daws)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Procedure%20of%20the%20UN%20Security%20Council); [Book: Five to Rule Them All (David Bosco)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Five%20to%20Rule%20Them%20All) |
| United States | France | P3 bloc: aligned on most files, but Paris abstained against the US Ukraine text in 2025 | [UN veto dataset (DPPA)](https://psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES); [S/RES/2774 (2025), original text](https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2774%282025%29); [Book: Five to Rule Them All (David Bosco)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Five%20to%20Rule%20Them%20All) |
| United Kingdom | France | The European P5 pair: near-identical records; joint abstentions on Ukraine (2025) and Iran texts (2026) | [UN veto dataset (DPPA)](https://psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES); [S/RES/2774 (2025), original text](https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2774%282025%29); [Book: The Procedure of the UN Security Council (Sievers & Daws)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Procedure%20of%20the%20UN%20Security%20Council) |
| Russia | China | The tandem P2: China rarely vetoes alone; joint veto on the 2026 Hormuz draft, matching abstentions on Gaza (2803) and Iran (2817) | [UN meeting record: Hormuz veto, 7 Apr 2026](https://press.un.org/en/2026/sc16330.doc.htm); [UN veto dataset (DPPA)](https://psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES); [SCR: Living with the Veto (Apr 2026)](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-04/in-hindsight-living-with-the-veto.php); [Book: Five to Rule Them All (David Bosco)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Five%20to%20Rule%20Them%20All) |

### Structural leverage (water, straits, money, chips) (12)
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Switzerland | United States | Protecting power: has run US interests in Iran since 1980 — the de facto US embassy channel | [Switzerland–United States relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Switzerland%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations); [Protecting power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Protecting%20power); [United States–Iran relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Iran%20relations) |
| Switzerland | Iran | Hosts the Washington–Tehran back-channel and the humanitarian trade lane | [Switzerland–Iran relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Switzerland%E2%80%93Iran%20relations); [Protecting power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Protecting%20power); [Swiss Humanitarian Trade Arrangement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Swiss%20Humanitarian%20Trade%20Arrangement) |
| Turkey | Iraq | Upstream on the Tigris–Euphrates: Turkish dams set how much water reaches Iraq | [Turkey–Iraq relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Iraq%20relations); [Tigris–Euphrates river system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates%20river%20system); [Southeastern Anatolia Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeastern%20Anatolia%20Project) |
| Turkey | Syria | Euphrates headwaters: Ankara's dams are a tap on Syria's water and power | [Turkey–Syria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Syria%20relations); [Tigris–Euphrates river system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates%20river%20system) |
| China | India | Controls the Tibetan headwaters of the Brahmaputra; the Great Bend mega-dam alarms Delhi | [China–India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93India%20relations); [2020 China–India skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2020%20China%E2%80%93India%20skirmishes) |
| India | Pakistan | Indus Waters Treaty held 'in abeyance' since 2025: upstream control of Pakistan's lifeline | [India–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Pakistan%20relations); [2025 India–Pakistan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2025%20India%E2%80%93Pakistan%20conflict); [Indus Waters Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty); [Partition of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Partition%20of%20India) |
| Ethiopia | Sudan | The GERD sits just upstream of Khartoum: flood control and power over the Blue Nile | [Ethiopia–Sudan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Sudan%20relations); [Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam) |
| Qatar | United Kingdom | Sovereign stakes: Heathrow, Harrods, the Shard, Barclays — wealth woven into London | [Qatar–United Kingdom relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar%E2%80%93United%20Kingdom%20relations); [Qatar Investment Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar%20Investment%20Authority) |
| Netherlands | China | ASML's lithography monopoly: Dutch export rules choke China's advanced chips | [Netherlands–China relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands%E2%80%93China%20relations); [Book: Chip War (Chris Miller)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chip%20War); [ASML Holding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/ASML%20Holding) |
| Tajikistan | Uzbekistan | Rogun mega-dam: upstream water power over the downstream cotton plains | [Tajikistan–Uzbekistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan%20relations); [Rogun Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rogun%20Dam) |
| Russia | Kazakhstan | CPC pipeline: ~80% of Kazakh oil exits through Russia - a valve Moscow squeezes | [Russia–Kazakhstan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Kazakhstan%20relations); [Russians in Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russians%20in%20Kazakhstan); [Caspian Pipeline Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Caspian%20Pipeline%20Consortium) |
| Djibouti | Ethiopia | 95% of Ethiopian trade breathes through Djibouti's port | [Djibouti–Ethiopia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Djibouti%E2%80%93Ethiopia%20relations); [Port of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Port%20of%20Djibouti) |

### Historical & language ties (53)
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iran | Tajikistan | Persian-speaking kin: Tajik is Persian in Cyrillic script; shared Nowruz and poetry canon | [Iran–Tajikistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Tajikistan%20relations); [Persian language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Persian%20language); [Book: Empires of the Word (Nicholas Ostler)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Empires%20of%20the%20Word) |
| Iran | Afghanistan | Dari is Persian; a millennium of shared Khorasan, and millions of Afghans living in Iran | [Iran–Afghanistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Afghanistan%20relations); [Persian language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Persian%20language); [Greater Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greater%20Iran) |
| Iran | Azerbaijan | More Azeris live in Iran than in the republic; Safavid and Shia heritage binds and chafes | [Iran–Azerbaijan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Azerbaijan%20relations); [Azerbaijanis in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Azerbaijanis%20in%20Iran) |
| Iran | Armenia | Ties from ancient Persarmenia; Iran keeps one of the world's oldest Armenian communities | [Iran–Armenia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Armenia%20relations); [Armenians in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Armenians%20in%20Iran) |
| Iran | Iraq | Najaf and Qom: twin Shia seminary cities; centuries of Persian-Mesopotamian interweave | [Iran–Iraq relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%20relations) |
| Iran | Uzbekistan | Bukhara and Samarkand were Persianate crown jewels - heritage claims flow both ways | [Iran–Uzbekistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Uzbekistan%20relations); [Persianate society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Persianate%20society); [Book: The Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Silk%20Roads) |
| Russia | Kazakhstan | Russian as lingua franca; ~3m ethnic Russians in the north, kinship Moscow can invoke | [Russia–Kazakhstan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Kazakhstan%20relations); [Russians in Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russians%20in%20Kazakhstan); [Caspian Pipeline Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Caspian%20Pipeline%20Consortium) |
| Russia | Ukraine | A shared Kyivan-Rus origin story - wielded by Moscow as a claim, rejected by Kyiv as erasure | [Russia–Ukraine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine%20relations); [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russian%20invasion%20of%20Ukraine) |
| Russia | Serbia | Pan-Slav and Orthodox bond since the 19th century; Kosovo cemented it | [Russia–Serbia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations) |
| Russia | Israel | A million-plus Soviet-born Israelis make Russian the street's second language | [Russia–Israel relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Israel%20relations); [Russian language in Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russian%20language%20in%20Israel) |
| United Kingdom | India | The Raj's imprint: English, common law, cricket - and a 1.7m diaspora in Britain | [United Kingdom–India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Kingdom%E2%80%93India%20relations); [Book: The Anarchy (William Dalrymple)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Anarchy); [Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indian%20diaspora%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom) |
| United States | Ireland | 40m Irish-Americans: a diaspora that bends US policy (Good Friday guarantees) | [United States–Ireland relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Ireland%20relations); [Irish Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Irish%20Americans) |
| United States | Mexico | 60m+ Hispanic Americans; Spanish as the de facto second US language | [United States–Mexico relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Mexico%20relations); [United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada%20Agreement) |
| United States | Philippines | A US colony 1898-1946: English, the school system, 4m Filipino-Americans | [United States–Philippines relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Philippines%20relations); [Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mutual%20Defense%20Treaty%20%28United%20States%E2%80%93Philippines%29); [Filipino Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Filipino%20Americans) |
| France | Senegal | The Francophonie's West African cornerstone, from Senghor's Academie seat onward | [France–Senegal relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Senegal%20relations); [Organisation internationale de la Francophonie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Organisation%20internationale%20de%20la%20Francophonie) |
| France | Lebanon | Mandate legacy: French in the schools, a Maronite bond centuries old | [France–Lebanon relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Lebanon%20relations) |
| France | Algeria | 132 years of colonization; 5m+ Algerian-origin French - intimacy and wound at once | [France–Algeria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Algeria%20relations); [Algerians in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algerians%20in%20France) |
| France | Canada | Quebec's 8m Francophones; co-founder of the Francophonie | [France–Canada relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Canada%20relations); [French Canadians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/French%20Canadians) |
| France | Haiti | The first Black republic - then made to pay France an independence ransom until 1947 | [France–Haiti relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Haiti%20relations); [Haiti indemnity controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti%20indemnity%20controversy) |
| Belgium | DR Congo | Leopold's colony: French-speaking Congo and a reckoning still unfolding | [Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Belgium%E2%80%93Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo%20relations); [Book: King Leopold's Ghost (Adam Hochschild)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/King%20Leopold%27s%20Ghost) |
| Portugal | Brazil | Mother country of the language: 200m Brazilians anchor the Lusophone world (CPLP) | [Portugal–Brazil relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Portugal%E2%80%93Brazil%20relations); [Community of Portuguese Language Countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Community%20of%20Portuguese%20Language%20Countries) |
| Portugal | Angola | Colonial war to CPLP partnership; Luanda's money now flows into Lisbon | [Portugal–Angola relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Portugal%E2%80%93Angola%20relations) |
| Portugal | Timor-Leste | Lusophone outpost whose independence Lisbon championed | [Portugal–Timor-Leste relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Portugal%E2%80%93Timor-Leste%20relations); [Portuguese Timor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Portuguese%20Timor) |
| Spain | Mexico | Heir of New Spain: the largest Spanish-speaking nation; Ibero-American summitry | [Spain–Mexico relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spain%E2%80%93Mexico%20relations); [New Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/New%20Spain) |
| Spain | Argentina | Built by Spanish and Italian settlement; citizenship flows both ways | [Spain–Argentina relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spain%E2%80%93Argentina%20relations) |
| China | Vietnam | A millennium under Chinese rule left Confucian statecraft and wary intimacy | [China–Vietnam relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Vietnam%20relations); [South China Sea disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/South%20China%20Sea%20disputes); [Chinese domination of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chinese%20domination%20of%20Vietnam) |
| China | Singapore | Three-quarters ethnic Chinese; kinship Beijing courts and Singapore fences | [China–Singapore relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Singapore%20relations); [Chinese Singaporeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chinese%20Singaporeans) |
| India | Nepal | Hindu civilizational twins: open border, shared epics, Gurkha service | [India–Nepal relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Nepal%20relations) |
| India | Bangladesh | Bengal split in two: one language, and Tagore wrote both anthems | [India–Bangladesh relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Bangladesh%20relations); [Bengali language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bengali%20language) |
| India | Sri Lanka | Tamil kinship across the Palk Strait - a bond that once fed a war | [India–Sri Lanka relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Sri%20Lanka%20relations); [Sri Lankan Tamils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sri%20Lankan%20Tamils) |
| India | Pakistan | One civilization partitioned in 1947; Hindustani speech, Punjab cut in half | [India–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Pakistan%20relations); [2025 India–Pakistan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2025%20India%E2%80%93Pakistan%20conflict); [Indus Waters Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty); [Partition of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Partition%20of%20India) |
| Pakistan | Bangladesh | One state until 1971; the Bengali language movement began the break | [Pakistan–Bangladesh relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistan%E2%80%93Bangladesh%20relations); [Bangladesh Liberation War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangladesh%20Liberation%20War) |
| Turkey | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Ottoman legacy: Bosniak kinship and Turkish soft power via faith and TIKA | [Turkey–Bosnia and Herzegovina relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20relations); [Bosniaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bosniaks) |
| Turkey | Germany | 3m Turkish-Germans from the Gastarbeiter era; Ankara campaigns in Cologne | [Turkey–Germany relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Germany%20relations); [Turks in Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turks%20in%20Germany) |
| Greece | Cyprus | One Hellenic nation, two states: the enosis story and daily intimacy | [Greece–Cyprus relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greece%E2%80%93Cyprus%20relations); [Enosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enosis) |
| Serbia | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Serb kinship across the Drina: Belgrade's standing tie to Republika Srpska | [Serbia–Bosnia and Herzegovina relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Serbia%E2%80%93Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20relations); [Republika Srpska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republika%20Srpska) |
| Albania | Kosovo | One Albanian nation in two states; unification polls high on both sides | [Albania–Kosovo relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Albania%E2%80%93Kosovo%20relations); [Albanians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Albanians) |
| Romania | Moldova | One language and history; a million Moldovans carry Romanian passports | [Romania–Moldova relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Romania%E2%80%93Moldova%20relations); [Romanian language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Romanian%20language) |
| Bulgaria | North Macedonia | Kindred tongues, contested history - Sofia's EU veto turns on identity | [Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bulgaria%E2%80%93North%20Macedonia%20relations); [Macedonian language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Macedonian%20language) |
| Hungary | Romania | 1.1m Hungarians in Transylvania: Trianon's living legacy, passports from Budapest | [Hungary–Romania relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hungary%E2%80%93Romania%20relations); [Hungarians in Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hungarians%20in%20Romania) |
| Germany | Austria | One language, braided history - union forbidden by treaty in 1919 | [Germany–Austria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany%E2%80%93Austria%20relations) |
| Sweden | Finland | Six centuries one realm; Swedish still co-official in Finland | [Sweden–Finland relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sweden%E2%80%93Finland%20relations); [Swedish-speaking population of Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Swedish-speaking%20population%20of%20Finland) |
| Ethiopia | Eritrea | One highland Habesha civilization, split by the 1993 divorce | [Ethiopia–Eritrea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Eritrea%20relations) |
| Somalia | Djibouti | Somali-speaking kin state - one nation across several flags | [Somalia–Djibouti relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Somalia%E2%80%93Djibouti%20relations); [Somali language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Somali%20language) |
| Rwanda | Burundi | Twin kingdoms of the same peoples, with mirrored tragedies | [Rwanda–Burundi relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rwanda%E2%80%93Burundi%20relations) |
| Japan | Brazil | Home of the largest Japanese diaspora (~2m Nikkei); labor flows run both ways | [Japan–Brazil relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93Brazil%20relations); [Japanese Brazilians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japanese%20Brazilians) |
| Lebanon | Brazil | More Lebanese-descended Brazilians than Lebanese in Lebanon | [Lebanon–Brazil relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lebanon%E2%80%93Brazil%20relations); [Lebanese Brazilians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lebanese%20Brazilians) |
| Armenia | France | A 600k Armenian-French community; genocide memory shapes French policy | [Armenia–France relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Armenia%E2%80%93France%20relations); [Armenians in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Armenians%20in%20France) |
| Netherlands | Indonesia | 350 years of the VOC and the Indies; a 2022 state apology for colonial violence | [Netherlands–Indonesia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands%E2%80%93Indonesia%20relations); [Dutch East Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Dutch%20East%20Indies) |
| Italy | Libya | The 'fourth shore': colonization, ENI's oil and today's migration routes | [Italy–Libya relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Italy%E2%80%93Libya%20relations); [Italian Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Italian%20Libya) |
| Japan | South Korea | Colonial rule 1910-45 beneath the alliance: memory politics never far away | [Japan–South Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93South%20Korea%20relations); [Japan–Korea disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93Korea%20disputes) |
| Indonesia | Malaysia | Serumpun: one Malay-language world, sibling rivalry included | [Indonesia–Malaysia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia%20relations); [Malay world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Malay%20world) |
| Iran | Lebanon | Jabal Amel's clerics converted Safavid Iran to Shiism in the 1500s; seminary ties ever since | [Iran–Lebanon relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Lebanon%20relations); [Jabal Amel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jabal%20Amel); [Iran–Hezbollah relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Hezbollah%20relations) |

### Patron → armed client / proxy (17)
Direction runs patron → client.
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | SDF (Syrian Kurds) | Armed and funded against ISIS; drawdown underway | [American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/American-led%20intervention%20in%20the%20Syrian%20civil%20war); [Syrian Democratic Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) |
| Russia | Wagner / Africa Corps | MoD-run successor to Prigozhin's outfit | [Africa Corps (Russia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Africa%20Corps%20%28Russia%29); [Wagner Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group) |
| Wagner / Africa Corps | Mali | Fights insurgents; paid in gold | [Wagner Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group) |
| Wagner / Africa Corps | Central African Republic | Regime guard; diamonds and timber | [Wagner Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group) |
| Wagner / Africa Corps | Burkina Faso | Africa Corps trainers | [Wagner Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group) |
| Wagner / Africa Corps | Niger | Africa Corps after the US exit | [Wagner Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group) |
| Wagner / Africa Corps | Libyan National Army (LNA) | Backs Haftar's east; air bases | [Wagner Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group); [Libyan National Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Libyan%20National%20Army) |
| Wagner / Africa Corps | RSF (Sudan) | Gold ties; earlier arms channel | [Wagner Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group); [Rapid Support Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces) |
| Iran | Hezbollah | Founding patron: money, missiles | [Axis of Resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance); [Book: The Shia Revival (Vali Nasr)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Shia%20Revival); [Hezbollah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah) |
| Iran | Houthis (Ansar Allah) | Arms and targeting technology | [Axis of Resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance); [Houthi movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houthi%20movement) |
| Iran | Hamas | Funds and weapons (the Sunni exception) | [Axis of Resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance); [Hamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) |
| Iran | Iraqi Shia Militias (PMF) | Quds Force network in Iraq | [Axis of Resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance); [Book: The Shia Revival (Vali Nasr)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Shia%20Revival); [Popular Mobilization Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces) |
| Saudi Arabia | Yemen | Bankrolls and arms the government side | [Saudi Arabia–Yemen relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%93Yemen%20relations) |
| UAE | RSF (Sudan) | Arms conduit per UN panel reports | [Sudanese civil war (2023–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sudanese%20civil%20war%20%282023%E2%80%93present%29); [Rapid Support Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces) |
| UAE | Libyan National Army (LNA) | Backs Haftar's east | [Libyan National Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Libyan%20National%20Army) |
| Algeria | Western Sahara (SADR) | Hosts and backs Polisario | [Algeria–Western Sahara relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algeria%E2%80%93Western%20Sahara%20relations); [Polisario Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front) |
| Rwanda | M23 | UN-documented support | [M23 campaign (2022–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/M23%20campaign%20%282022%E2%80%93present%29); [March 23 Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23_Movement) |

### Rivalry / conflict (51)
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | China | Systemic rivalry: tech, trade, Taiwan | [United States–China relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93China%20relations); [Book: Destined for War (Graham Allison)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Destined%20for%20War); [Book: The Long Game (Rush Doshi)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Long%20Game); [Book: Chip War (Chris Miller)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chip%20War) |
| United States | Russia | Post-2022 confrontation; arms control dead | [United States–Russia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Russia%20relations); [Book: The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (John Mearsheimer)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Tragedy%20of%20Great%20Power%20Politics) |
| United States | Iran | Sanctions; June 2025 strikes on nuclear sites | [United States–Iran relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Iran%20relations); [June 2025 United States strikes on Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/June%202025%20United%20States%20strikes%20on%20Iran) |
| United States | North Korea | Nuclear standoff since the 1950s | [United States–North Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93North%20Korea%20relations) |
| United States | Venezuela | Pressure campaign; 2025 strikes on alleged narco boats | [United States–Venezuela relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Venezuela%20relations); [United States sanctions against Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%20sanctions%20against%20Venezuela) |
| United States | Cuba | Embargo since 1962 | [United States–Cuba relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Cuba%20relations); [United States embargo against Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba) |
| United States | Houthis (Ansar Allah) | Red Sea strikes 2024–25; May 2025 truce | [Red Sea crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red%20Sea%20crisis); [Houthi movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houthi%20movement) |
| China | Japan | Senkaku dispute atop huge trade | [China–Japan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Japan%20relations) |
| China | India | Himalayan standoff since 2020 Galwan clash | [China–India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93India%20relations); [2020 China–India skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2020%20China%E2%80%93India%20skirmishes) |
| China | Taiwan | Claims the island; invasion pressure | [China–Taiwan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Taiwan%20relations); [Political status of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Political%20status%20of%20Taiwan) |
| China | Philippines | Shoal clashes in the South China Sea | [China–Philippines relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Philippines%20relations); [South China Sea disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/South%20China%20Sea%20disputes) |
| China | Vietnam | South China Sea dispute atop trade | [China–Vietnam relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Vietnam%20relations); [South China Sea disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/South%20China%20Sea%20disputes); [Chinese domination of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chinese%20domination%20of%20Vietnam) |
| Russia | Ukraine | Full-scale invasion since Feb 2022 | [Russia–Ukraine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine%20relations); [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russian%20invasion%20of%20Ukraine) |
| Russia | NATO | The system's central adversarial axis | [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO); [Russia–NATO relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93NATO%20relations) |
| Russia | Georgia | Occupies Abkhazia and South Ossetia | [Russia–Georgia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Georgia%20relations); [Russian occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russian%20occupation%20of%20Abkhazia%20and%20South%20Ossetia) |
| Russia | Moldova | Transnistria garrison; election meddling | [Russia–Moldova relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Moldova%20relations); [Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria) |
| Iran | Israel | Shadow war that went open in June 2025 | [Iran–Israel relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Israel%20relations); [Iran–Israel war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Israel%20war); [Book: Black Wave (Kim Ghattas)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Black%20Wave) |
| Iran | Saudi Arabia | Sunni–Shia cold war; 2023 détente | [Iran–Saudi Arabia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi%20Arabia%20relations); [Book: Black Wave (Kim Ghattas)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Black%20Wave); [2023 Iran–Saudi Arabia agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2023%20Iran%E2%80%93Saudi%20Arabia%20agreement) |
| Iran | Syria | Expelled after Assad's fall | [Iran–Syria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Syria%20relations) |
| Houthis (Ansar Allah) | Yemen | Civil war against the government | [Houthi movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houthi%20movement) |
| Hamas | Palestine | Fatah–Hamas split since 2007 | [Hamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) |
| Israel | Hezbollah | 2024 war decapitated the group | [Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah%20conflict%20%282023%E2%80%93present%29); [Hezbollah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah) |
| Israel | Hamas | October 2023 war; 2025 ceasefire phases | [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gaza%20war); [Hamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) |
| Israel | Houthis (Ansar Allah) | Missile and drone exchanges | [Houthi movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houthi%20movement) |
| Israel | Syria | Strikes and buffer occupation, plus talks | [Israel–Syria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Syria%20relations) |
| Israel | Turkey | Rupture over Gaza; friction inside Syria | [Israel–Turkey relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey%20relations) |
| Israel | Palestine | Occupation; PA security coordination persists | [Israel–Palestine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine%20relations) |
| Saudi Arabia | Houthis (Ansar Allah) | War since 2015; truce diplomacy | [Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabian%E2%80%93led%20intervention%20in%20Yemen); [Houthi movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houthi%20movement) |
| Turkey | Greece | Aegean and gas disputes inside NATO | [Turkey–Greece relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Greece%20relations) |
| Turkey | Cyprus | Occupies the north since 1974 | [Turkey–Cyprus relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Cyprus%20relations); [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) |
| Turkey | SDF (Syrian Kurds) | Sees the YPG core as PKK | [Rojava–Turkey conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rojava%E2%80%93Turkey%20conflict); [Syrian Democratic Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) |
| Egypt | Ethiopia | Nile dam (GERD) dispute | [Egypt–Ethiopia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt%E2%80%93Ethiopia%20relations); [Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam) |
| Libyan National Army (LNA) | Libya | Divided east–west governance | [Libyan National Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Libyan%20National%20Army) |
| RSF (Sudan) | Sudan | Civil war against the army since 2023 | [Rapid Support Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces) |
| Serbia | Kosovo | Non-recognition; northern flashpoints | [Serbia–Kosovo relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Serbia%E2%80%93Kosovo%20relations); [Kosovo–Serbia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations) |
| Armenia | Azerbaijan | 2025 Washington peace declaration | [Armenia–Azerbaijan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan%20relations); [2025 Armenia–Azerbaijan peace agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2025%20Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan%20peace%20agreement) |
| France | Algeria | Colonial memory; 2024–25 crisis | [France–Algeria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Algeria%20relations); [Algerians in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algerians%20in%20France) |
| Morocco | Western Sahara (SADR) | Controls most of the territory | [Morocco–Western Sahara relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Morocco%E2%80%93Western%20Sahara%20relations); [Western Sahara conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict) |
| Ethiopia | Somalia | Somaliland port deal; Ankara truce | [Ethiopia–Somalia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somalia%20relations) |
| Ethiopia | Eritrea | Post-Tigray tension; port ambitions | [Ethiopia–Eritrea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Eritrea%20relations) |
| M23 | DR Congo | Took Goma in 2025; peace tracks | [M23 campaign (2022–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/M23%20campaign%20%282022%E2%80%93present%29); [March 23 Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23_Movement) |
| Rwanda | DR Congo | State-level tension atop the proxy war | [Rwanda–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rwanda%E2%80%93Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo%20relations) |
| Venezuela | Guyana | Essequibo claim; 2023 referendum | [Venezuela–Guyana relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela%E2%80%93Guyana%20relations); [Guayana Esequiba dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Guayana%20Esequiba%20dispute) |
| India | Pakistan | Kashmir; May 2025 clash | [India–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Pakistan%20relations); [2025 India–Pakistan conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2025%20India%E2%80%93Pakistan%20conflict); [Indus Waters Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty); [Partition of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Partition%20of%20India) |
| Pakistan | Afghanistan | TTP havens; October 2025 border war | [Pakistan–Afghanistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%20relations); [Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%20border%20skirmishes) |
| North Korea | South Korea | Armistice; 'two hostile states' line | [North Korea–South Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/North%20Korea%E2%80%93South%20Korea%20relations); [Korean conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Korean%20conflict) |
| Thailand | Cambodia | July 2025 border war; ceasefire | [Thailand–Cambodia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thailand%E2%80%93Cambodia%20relations); [2025 Cambodia–Thailand border conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2025%20Cambodia%E2%80%93Thailand%20border%20conflict) |
| China | Canada | The two Michaels, election-interference probes - the chill endures | [China–Canada relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Canada%20relations) |
| United States | South Africa | 2025 rupture: aid cut, ambassador expelled, G20 boycott | [United States–South Africa relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93South%20Africa%20relations) |
| South Africa | Israel | Brought the ICJ genocide case over Gaza | [South Africa–Israel relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/South%20Africa%E2%80%93Israel%20relations); [South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/South%20Africa%20v.%20Israel%20%28Genocide%20Convention%29) |
| European Union | Iran | E3 sanctions architecture; JCPOA diplomacy died with the 2025 snapback | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Iran–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations); [Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Joint%20Comprehensive%20Plan%20of%20Action); [Snapback of United Nations sanctions against Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snapback%20of%20United%20Nations%20sanctions%20against%20Iran) |

### Energy (18)
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | Iran | 25-year pact; top buyer of sanctioned oil | [China–Iran relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Iran%20relations); [Iran–China 25-year Cooperation Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93China%2025-year%20Cooperation%20Program); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| China | Saudi Arabia | Top oil customer; Aramco downstream ties | [China–Saudi Arabia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Saudi%20Arabia%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| China | Iraq | Largest buyer of Iraqi crude | [China–Iraq relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Iraq%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| China | Qatar | 27-year LNG megadeals | [China–Qatar relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Qatar%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| China | Venezuela | Loans-for-oil; over $50bn lent | [China–Venezuela relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Venezuela%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| China | Turkmenistan | Buys most of its gas | [China–Turkmenistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| China | Angola | Oil-backed lending | [China–Angola relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Angola%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| Russia | Serbia | Gas plus Orthodox-Slavic ties | [Russia–Serbia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Russia | Hungary | Paks-2 nuclear plant; pipeline gas | [Russia–Hungary relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Hungary%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Russia | Turkey | TurkStream, Akkuyu plant; rivals in Syria and the Caucasus | [Russia–Turkey relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Norway | European Union | Top pipeline-gas supplier since 2022 | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Norway–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Norway%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Azerbaijan | European Union | Southern Gas Corridor | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Azerbaijan–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Algeria | Italy | TransMed: Italy's top gas source | [Algeria–Italy relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algeria%E2%80%93Italy%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Algeria | Spain | Medgaz pipeline; W. Sahara friction | [Algeria–Spain relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algeria%E2%80%93Spain%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Iran | Qatar | Share the North Dome / South Pars superfield - the world's largest gas reserve | [Iran–Qatar relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar%20relations); [South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/South%20Pars/North%20Dome%20Gas-Condensate%20field); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Turkey | Iran | Tabriz-Ankara gas line; rivals who trade, from Syria to the Caucasus | [Turkey–Iran relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Iran%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Israel | Greece | East-Med gas axis with Cyprus: pipeline dreams, power cable real | [Israel–Greece relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Greece%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |
| Russia | Uzbekistan | 2023 gas deal reversed the flow south; millions of Uzbek workers in Russia | [Russia–Uzbekistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Uzbekistan%20relations); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map) |

### Economic / financial (60)
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Vietnam | Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2023) | [United States–Vietnam relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Vietnam%20relations) |
| United States | Mexico | USMCA; each other's top trade partner | [United States–Mexico relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Mexico%20relations); [United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada%20Agreement) |
| United States | European Union | World's biggest trade-investment axis; tariff rifts | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [United States–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| United States | Argentina | Treasury/IMF lifelines; $20bn swap (2025) | [United States–Argentina relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Argentina%20relations) |
| United States | Guyana | ExxonMobil oil; security ties against Venezuela | [United States–Guyana relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Guyana%20relations) |
| United States | Brazil | Major partner; 2025 tariff clash | [United States–Brazil relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Brazil%20relations) |
| United States | DR Congo | 2025 minerals-for-security framework | [United States–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo%20relations); [2025 DRC–Rwanda peace agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/2025%20DRC%E2%80%93Rwanda%20peace%20agreement) |
| United States | Angola | Lobito rail corridor, the G7 answer to the BRI | [United States–Angola relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Angola%20relations); [Lobito Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lobito%20Corridor) |
| China | Brazil | Top trade partner: soy, iron ore | [China–Brazil relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Brazil%20relations) |
| China | Argentina | Currency swaps; space station | [China–Argentina relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Argentina%20relations) |
| China | Peru | Chancay megaport opened 2024 | [China–Peru relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Peru%20relations); [Port of Chancay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Port%20of%20Chancay) |
| China | Chile | Copper and lithium buyer | [China–Chile relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Chile%20relations) |
| China | Bolivia | Lithium ventures | [China–Bolivia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Bolivia%20relations) |
| China | Kazakhstan | Belt & Road land-corridor anchor | [China–Kazakhstan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Laos | Boten–Vientiane railway; heavy debt | [China–Laos relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Laos%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Myanmar | CMEC corridor; junta lifeline and border leverage | [China–Myanmar relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Myanmar%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Sri Lanka | Hambantota port, 99-year lease | [China–Sri Lanka relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Sri%20Lanka%20relations); [Hambantota International Port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hambantota%20International%20Port); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Bangladesh | Arms supplier and infrastructure | [China–Bangladesh relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Bangladesh%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Afghanistan | Mes Aynak copper; engages the Taliban | [China–Afghanistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Afghanistan%20relations) |
| China | Mongolia | Buys its coal exports | [China–Mongolia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Mongolia%20relations) |
| China | Indonesia | Jakarta–Bandung rail; nickel industry | [China–Indonesia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Indonesia%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Malaysia | East Coast Rail Link; top trade | [China–Malaysia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Malaysia%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Ethiopia | Djibouti railway, industrial parks | [China–Ethiopia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Kenya | Standard-gauge railway debt | [China–Kenya relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Kenya%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Nigeria | Rail, ports, refinery finance | [China–Nigeria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Nigeria%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | DR Congo | Cobalt and copper (Sicomines) | [China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Zambia | Copperbelt; debt restructuring | [China–Zambia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Zambia%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Zimbabwe | Lithium rush; 'Look East' ally | [China–Zimbabwe relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Zimbabwe%20relations) |
| China | Guinea | Bauxite; Simandou iron ore | [China–Guinea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Guinea%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | South Africa | BRICS anchor; top trade partner | [China–South Africa relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93South%20Africa%20relations) |
| China | Egypt | Suez-zone investment | [China–Egypt relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Egypt%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Greece | COSCO runs Piraeus port | [China–Greece relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Greece%20relations); [Port of Piraeus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Port%20of%20Piraeus); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Hungary | BYD and CATL plants; BRI beachhead in the EU | [China–Hungary relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Hungary%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Serbia | 'Ironclad' friend: steel, surveillance tech | [China–Serbia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Serbia%20relations); [Belt and Road Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative); [Book: The New Silk Roads (Peter Frankopan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Silk%20Roads) |
| China | Belarus | Great Stone industrial park | [China–Belarus relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Belarus%20relations) |
| China | Germany | Auto and machinery interdependence | [China–Germany relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Germany%20relations) |
| China | European Union | Top-two trade; 'de-risking' tension | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [China–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| China | Australia | Iron-ore lifeline; coercion thawed | [China–Australia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Australia%20relations) |
| Russia | Egypt | El Dabaa nuclear plant; wheat | [Russia–Egypt relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Egypt%20relations) |
| Iran | Venezuela | Sanctions-evasion axis; fuel swaps | [Iran–Venezuela relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela%20relations) |
| Israel | UAE | Abraham Accords 2020; trade boom | [Israel–United Arab Emirates relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93United%20Arab%20Emirates%20relations); [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords) |
| Saudi Arabia | Egypt | Key financial patron | [Saudi Arabia–Egypt relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%93Egypt%20relations) |
| Saudi Arabia | Syria | Bankrolling reconstruction | [Saudi Arabia–Syria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%93Syria%20relations) |
| UAE | Egypt | Bailouts; $35bn Ras el-Hekma deal | [United Arab Emirates–Egypt relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Arab%20Emirates%E2%80%93Egypt%20relations) |
| UAE | Ethiopia | Investment plus past drone support | [United Arab Emirates–Ethiopia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Arab%20Emirates%E2%80%93Ethiopia%20relations) |
| UAE | India | CEPA trade pact; I2U2 grouping | [United Arab Emirates–India relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Arab%20Emirates%E2%80%93India%20relations) |
| Turkey | European Union | Customs union; accession frozen | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Turkey–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| France | Germany | The EU's engine room | [France–Germany relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Germany%20relations) |
| Switzerland | European Union | Bilateral treaties; finance hub | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Switzerland–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Switzerland%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| United Kingdom | European Union | Post-Brexit trade pact | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [United Kingdom–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Kingdom%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| Brazil | Argentina | Mercosur core partnership | [Brazil–Argentina relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brazil%E2%80%93Argentina%20relations) |
| India | Iran | Chabahar port, INSTC corridor | [India–Iran relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Iran%20relations); [Chabahar Port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chabahar%20Port) |
| Iran | UAE | Dubai as the sanctions-era trade valve; Abu Musa islands dispute beneath | [Iran–United Arab Emirates relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93United%20Arab%20Emirates%20relations) |
| China | South Korea | Top trade partner; THAAD-era coercion still remembered | [China–South Korea relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93South%20Korea%20relations) |
| China | Thailand | High-speed rail, submarines deal, top trade - Bangkok's other patron | [China–Thailand relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Thailand%20relations) |
| India | Japan | Shinkansen for Mumbai; 'Special Strategic' partners | [India–Japan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Japan%20relations) |
| India | United Kingdom | 2025 free-trade agreement; City-Mumbai finance ties | [India–United Kingdom relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93United%20Kingdom%20relations); [Book: The Anarchy (William Dalrymple)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Anarchy); [India–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93United%20Kingdom%20Free%20Trade%20Agreement) |
| India | Saudi Arabia | Top oil supplier; 2.6m Indian workers in the kingdom | [India–Saudi Arabia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Saudi%20Arabia%20relations) |
| South Korea | Vietnam | Samsung builds half its phones here - Korea is the top investor | [South Korea–Vietnam relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/South%20Korea%E2%80%93Vietnam%20relations) |
| Kazakhstan | Azerbaijan | Middle Corridor: the trans-Caspian route around Russia | [Kazakhstan–Azerbaijan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Azerbaijan%20relations); [Middle Corridor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Middle%20Corridor) |

### Influence / diplomatic (68)
| From | To | Note | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Syria | Sanctions relief 2025; residual troops in the east | [United States–Syria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Syria%20relations) |
| United States | Pakistan | Major non-NATO ally; transactional ties | [United States–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Pakistan%20relations); [Major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) |
| United States | Panama | Canal pressure 2025; Panama exited the BRI | [United States–Panama relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Panama%20relations) |
| United States | Ecuador | Security cooperation under Noboa | [United States–Ecuador relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Ecuador%20relations) |
| United States | El Salvador | 2025 deportation-and-prison deals | [United States–El Salvador relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93El%20Salvador%20relations) |
| United States | Mongolia | 'Third neighbor' partner between the giants | [United States–Mongolia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%E2%80%93Mongolia%20relations) |
| China | Nepal | BRI projects; balancing India | [China–Nepal relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Nepal%20relations) |
| China | Maldives | Pro-Beijing turn under Muizzu | [China–Maldives relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Maldives%20relations) |
| China | Kiribati | Won recognition 2019; police deals | [China–Kiribati relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Kiribati%20relations) |
| China | Honduras | Switched from Taiwan in 2023 | [China–Honduras relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Honduras%20relations) |
| China | Nicaragua | Switched from Taiwan in 2021 | [China–Nicaragua relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Nicaragua%20relations) |
| Russia | Syria | Tartus and Khmeimim bases in limbo post-Assad | [Russia–Syria relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%20relations); [Russian military bases in Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russian%20military%20bases%20in%20Syria) |
| Russia | Cuba | Revived Soviet-era ties; debt relief | [Russia–Cuba relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Cuba%20relations) |
| Russia | Nicaragua | Military cooperation deals | [Russia–Nicaragua relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Nicaragua%20relations) |
| Russia | Sudan | Chasing a Port Sudan naval base deal | [Russia–Sudan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Sudan%20relations) |
| Russia | Afghanistan | First to accredit a Taliban envoy (2025) | [Russia–Afghanistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Afghanistan%20relations) |
| Russia | Azerbaijan | Strained since the 2024 airliner shootdown | [Russia–Azerbaijan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan%20relations) |
| Iran | Iraq | Deep sway over politics and trade | [Iran–Iraq relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%20relations) |
| Iran | Oman | Muscat as the back-channel host | [Iran–Oman relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Oman%20relations) |
| Iran | Pakistan | Uneasy neighbors: 2024 strikes, stalled pipeline | [Iran–Pakistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan%20relations) |
| Hezbollah | Lebanon | A state within the state | [Hezbollah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah) |
| Iraqi Shia Militias (PMF) | Iraq | Militias on the state payroll | [Popular Mobilization Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces) |
| Israel | Bahrain | Abraham Accords normalization | [Israel–Bahrain relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Bahrain%20relations); [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords) |
| Israel | Egypt | 1979 peace; Gaza and Sinai coordination | [Israel–Egypt relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Egypt%20relations); [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel%20peace%20treaty) |
| Israel | Jordan | 1994 peace; water and energy deals | [Israel–Jordan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan%20relations); [Israel–Jordan peace treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan%20peace%20treaty) |
| Qatar | Hamas | Hosts the politburo; Gaza mediator | [Qatar and Hamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar%20and%20Hamas); [Hamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) |
| Turkey | Iraq | PKK operations; Development Road project | [Turkey–Iraq relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turkey%E2%80%93Iraq%20relations); [Tigris–Euphrates river system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates%20river%20system); [Southeastern Anatolia Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeastern%20Anatolia%20Project) |
| Turkey | Hamas | Political support | [Hamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) |
| Egypt | Palestine | Rafah gateway; chief mediator | [Egypt–Palestine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt%E2%80%93Palestine%20relations) |
| France | Lebanon | Traditional patron; aid conferences | [France–Lebanon relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Lebanon%20relations) |
| SDF (Syrian Kurds) | Syria | 2025 integration agreement | [Syrian Democratic Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) |
| European Union | Ukraine | Candidate; accession talks and funding | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Ukraine–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ukraine%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| NATO | Ukraine | Promised future membership, no Article 5 | [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO); [Ukraine–NATO relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO%20relations) |
| Serbia | European Union | A candidate that hedges | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Serbia–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Serbia%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| Bosnia & Herzegovina | European Union | EUFOR mission; candidate | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Bosnia and Herzegovina–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| Moldova | European Union | Candidate; Transnistria issue | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Moldova–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moldova%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |
| United Kingdom | Mauritius | 2025 Chagos deal keeps Diego Garcia | [United Kingdom–Mauritius relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Kingdom%E2%80%93Mauritius%20relations); [Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chagos%20Archipelago%20sovereignty%20dispute) |
| France | Senegal | 2025 troop withdrawal; CFA franc ties | [France–Senegal relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Senegal%20relations); [Organisation internationale de la Francophonie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Organisation%20internationale%20de%20la%20Francophonie) |
| France | Chad | Ended its military presence Dec 2024 | [France–Chad relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Chad%20relations) |
| France | Morocco | Backed the autonomy plan for W. Sahara | [France–Morocco relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/France%E2%80%93Morocco%20relations) |
| India | Nepal | Open border; contest with China | [India–Nepal relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Nepal%20relations) |
| India | Bangladesh | Chill after Hasina fled to India in 2024 | [India–Bangladesh relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Bangladesh%20relations); [Bengali language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bengali%20language) |
| India | Sri Lanka | Bailed it out in 2022; counter-China | [India–Sri Lanka relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Sri%20Lanka%20relations); [Sri Lankan Tamils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sri%20Lankan%20Tamils) |
| India | Maldives | 'India Out' spat, then a reset | [India–Maldives relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Maldives%20relations) |
| India | Afghanistan | Re-engaging the Taliban since 2025 | [India–Afghanistan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/India%E2%80%93Afghanistan%20relations) |
| Australia | Solomon Islands | Aid and policing contest with China | [Australia–Solomon Islands relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Australia%E2%80%93Solomon%20Islands%20relations) |
| Australia | Fiji | Vuvale partnership | [Australia–Fiji relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Australia%E2%80%93Fiji%20relations) |
| Taiwan | Paraguay | Recognizes Taipei — the largest such state | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Paraguay relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Paraguay%20relations) |
| Taiwan | Guatemala | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Guatemala relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Guatemala%20relations) |
| Taiwan | Belize | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Belize relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Belize%20relations) |
| Taiwan | Haiti | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Haiti relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Haiti%20relations) |
| Taiwan | St. Kitts & Nevis | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Saint Kitts and Nevis relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Saint%20Kitts%20and%20Nevis%20relations) |
| Taiwan | St. Lucia | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Saint Lucia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Saint%20Lucia%20relations) |
| Taiwan | St. Vincent & Grenadines | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Saint%20Vincent%20and%20the%20Grenadines%20relations) |
| Taiwan | Palau | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Palau relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Palau%20relations) |
| Taiwan | Marshall Islands | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Marshall Islands relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Marshall%20Islands%20relations) |
| Taiwan | Tuvalu | Recognizes Taipei | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Tuvalu relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Tuvalu%20relations) |
| Taiwan | Eswatini | Recognizes Taipei — the last in Africa | [Foreign relations of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan); [Taiwan–Eswatini relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taiwan%E2%80%93Eswatini%20relations) |
| Iran | Lebanon | State channel beside Hezbollah: embassy, 2021 fuel shipments, reconstruction offers | [Iran–Lebanon relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Lebanon%20relations); [Jabal Amel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jabal%20Amel); [Iran–Hezbollah relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran%E2%80%93Hezbollah%20relations) |
| Saudi Arabia | Qatar | From the 2017-21 blockade to the Al-Ula reconciliation | [Saudi Arabia–Qatar relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%93Qatar%20relations) |
| Saudi Arabia | Lebanon | Historic patron of the Sunni camp; largesse frozen over Hezbollah | [Saudi Arabia–Lebanon relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia%E2%80%93Lebanon%20relations) |
| Syria | Lebanon | Occupied it 1976-2005; borders, refugees and smuggling still bind them | [Syria–Lebanon relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon%20relations); [Syrian occupation of Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Syrian%20occupation%20of%20Lebanon) |
| Jordan | Palestine | Hashemite custodianship of Al-Aqsa; half of Jordan is Palestinian-origin | [Jordan–Palestine relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jordan%E2%80%93Palestine%20relations); [Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hashemite%20custodianship%20of%20Jerusalem%20holy%20sites) |
| Egypt | Greece | EEZ agreement and the anti-Ankara East-Med axis | [Egypt–Greece relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Egypt%E2%80%93Greece%20relations) |
| China | Cuba | Reported signals-intelligence sites; lifeline trade | [China–Cuba relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/China%E2%80%93Cuba%20relations); [Chinese intelligence stations in Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chinese%20intelligence%20stations%20in%20Cuba) |
| Japan | Taiwan | Unofficial but thick: chips and security - 'a Taiwan contingency is a Japan contingency' | [Japan–Taiwan relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Japan%E2%80%93Taiwan%20relations) |
| Australia | Indonesia | Lombok Treaty neighbors: security cooperation with occasional spats | [Australia–Indonesia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Australia%E2%80%93Indonesia%20relations) |
| Georgia | European Union | Candidacy frozen since the 2024 'foreign agents' turn | [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union); [Georgia–European Union relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Georgia%E2%80%93European%20Union%20relations) |

## Machine-readable edge list

Every edge in the map, one per line: `Source | type | Target | note`.

```
UN Security Council | mem | United States | permanent - veto power
UN Security Council | mem | United Kingdom | permanent - veto power
UN Security Council | mem | France | permanent - veto power
UN Security Council | mem | Russia | permanent - veto power
UN Security Council | mem | China | permanent - veto power
UN Security Council | mem | Denmark | elected seat, 2025-26
UN Security Council | mem | Greece | elected seat, 2025-26
UN Security Council | mem | Pakistan | elected seat, 2025-26
UN Security Council | mem | Panama | elected seat, 2025-26
UN Security Council | mem | Somalia | elected seat, 2025-26
UN Security Council | mem | Bahrain | elected seat, 2026-27
UN Security Council | mem | Colombia | elected seat, 2026-27
UN Security Council | mem | DR Congo | elected seat, 2026-27
UN Security Council | mem | Latvia | elected seat, 2026-27
UN Security Council | mem | Liberia | elected seat, 2026-27
NATO | mem | United States | 
NATO | mem | Canada | 
NATO | mem | United Kingdom | 
NATO | mem | France | 
NATO | mem | Germany | 
NATO | mem | Italy | 
NATO | mem | Spain | 
NATO | mem | Portugal | 
NATO | mem | Netherlands | 
NATO | mem | Belgium | 
NATO | mem | Luxembourg | 
NATO | mem | Denmark | 
NATO | mem | Norway | 
NATO | mem | Iceland | 
NATO | mem | Poland | 
NATO | mem | Czechia | 
NATO | mem | Slovakia | 
NATO | mem | Hungary | 
NATO | mem | Romania | 
NATO | mem | Bulgaria | 
NATO | mem | Greece | 
NATO | mem | Turkey | 
NATO | mem | Albania | 
NATO | mem | Croatia | 
NATO | mem | Montenegro | 
NATO | mem | North Macedonia | 
NATO | mem | Slovenia | 
NATO | mem | Estonia | 
NATO | mem | Latvia | 
NATO | mem | Lithuania | 
NATO | mem | Finland | joined 2023
NATO | mem | Sweden | joined 2024
European Union | mem | Austria | 
European Union | mem | Belgium | 
European Union | mem | Bulgaria | 
European Union | mem | Croatia | 
European Union | mem | Cyprus | 
European Union | mem | Czechia | 
European Union | mem | Denmark | 
European Union | mem | Estonia | 
European Union | mem | Finland | 
European Union | mem | France | 
European Union | mem | Germany | 
European Union | mem | Greece | 
European Union | mem | Hungary | 
European Union | mem | Ireland | 
European Union | mem | Italy | 
European Union | mem | Latvia | 
European Union | mem | Lithuania | 
European Union | mem | Luxembourg | 
European Union | mem | Malta | 
European Union | mem | Netherlands | 
European Union | mem | Poland | 
European Union | mem | Portugal | 
European Union | mem | Romania | 
European Union | mem | Slovakia | 
European Union | mem | Slovenia | 
European Union | mem | Spain | 
European Union | mem | Sweden | 
Five Eyes | mem | United States | 
Five Eyes | mem | United Kingdom | 
Five Eyes | mem | Canada | 
Five Eyes | mem | Australia | 
Five Eyes | mem | New Zealand | 
AUKUS | mem | United States | 
AUKUS | mem | United Kingdom | 
AUKUS | mem | Australia | 
Quad | mem | United States | 
Quad | mem | Japan | 
Quad | mem | India | 
Quad | mem | Australia | 
G7 | mem | United States | 
G7 | mem | United Kingdom | 
G7 | mem | France | 
G7 | mem | Germany | 
G7 | mem | Italy | 
G7 | mem | Japan | 
G7 | mem | Canada | 
G7 | mem | European Union | participant
BRICS | mem | Brazil | 
BRICS | mem | Russia | 
BRICS | mem | India | 2026 chair
BRICS | mem | China | 
BRICS | mem | South Africa | 
BRICS | mem | Egypt | joined 2024
BRICS | mem | Ethiopia | joined 2024
BRICS | mem | Iran | joined 2024
BRICS | mem | UAE | joined 2024
BRICS | mem | Saudi Arabia | full member since 2025
BRICS | mem | Indonesia | joined 2025
BRICS | mem | Belarus | partner country
BRICS | mem | Bolivia | partner country
BRICS | mem | Cuba | partner country
BRICS | mem | Kazakhstan | partner country
BRICS | mem | Malaysia | partner country
BRICS | mem | Nigeria | partner country
BRICS | mem | Thailand | partner country
BRICS | mem | Uganda | partner country
BRICS | mem | Uzbekistan | partner country
BRICS | mem | Vietnam | partner country
SCO | mem | China | 
SCO | mem | Russia | 
SCO | mem | India | 
SCO | mem | Pakistan | 
SCO | mem | Kazakhstan | 
SCO | mem | Kyrgyzstan | 
SCO | mem | Tajikistan | 
SCO | mem | Uzbekistan | 
SCO | mem | Iran | joined 2023
SCO | mem | Belarus | joined 2024
CSTO | mem | Russia | 
CSTO | mem | Belarus | 
CSTO | mem | Kazakhstan | 
CSTO | mem | Kyrgyzstan | 
CSTO | mem | Tajikistan | 
CSTO | mem | Armenia | participation frozen since 2024
EAEU | mem | Russia | 
EAEU | mem | Belarus | 
EAEU | mem | Kazakhstan | 
EAEU | mem | Kyrgyzstan | 
EAEU | mem | Armenia | 
GCC | mem | Saudi Arabia | 
GCC | mem | UAE | 
GCC | mem | Qatar | 
GCC | mem | Kuwait | 
GCC | mem | Bahrain | 
GCC | mem | Oman | 
Arab League | mem | Algeria | 
Arab League | mem | Bahrain | 
Arab League | mem | Comoros | 
Arab League | mem | Djibouti | 
Arab League | mem | Egypt | 
Arab League | mem | Iraq | 
Arab League | mem | Jordan | 
Arab League | mem | Kuwait | 
Arab League | mem | Lebanon | 
Arab League | mem | Libya | 
Arab League | mem | Mauritania | 
Arab League | mem | Morocco | 
Arab League | mem | Oman | 
Arab League | mem | Palestine | 
Arab League | mem | Qatar | 
Arab League | mem | Saudi Arabia | 
Arab League | mem | Somalia | 
Arab League | mem | Sudan | 
Arab League | mem | Syria | reinstated 2023
Arab League | mem | Tunisia | 
Arab League | mem | UAE | 
Arab League | mem | Yemen | 
OPEC | mem | Saudi Arabia | de facto leader
OPEC | mem | Iran | 
OPEC | mem | Iraq | 
OPEC | mem | Kuwait | 
OPEC | mem | UAE | 
OPEC | mem | Algeria | 
OPEC | mem | Libya | 
OPEC | mem | Nigeria | 
OPEC | mem | Venezuela | 
OPEC | mem | Gabon | 
OPEC | mem | Equatorial Guinea | 
OPEC | mem | Congo (Republic) | 
OPEC | mem | Russia | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | Kazakhstan | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | Azerbaijan | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | Oman | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | Mexico | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | Malaysia | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | Bahrain | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | Brunei | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | Sudan | OPEC+ partner
OPEC | mem | South Sudan | OPEC+ partner
ASEAN | mem | Indonesia | 
ASEAN | mem | Malaysia | 
ASEAN | mem | Philippines | 
ASEAN | mem | Singapore | 
ASEAN | mem | Thailand | 
ASEAN | mem | Vietnam | 
ASEAN | mem | Brunei | 
ASEAN | mem | Cambodia | 
ASEAN | mem | Laos | 
ASEAN | mem | Myanmar | suspended from summits
ASEAN | mem | Timor-Leste | admitted 2025
African Union | mem | Algeria | 
African Union | mem | Angola | 
African Union | mem | Benin | 
African Union | mem | Botswana | 
African Union | mem | Burkina Faso | suspended
African Union | mem | Burundi | 
African Union | mem | Cabo Verde | 
African Union | mem | Cameroon | 
African Union | mem | Central African Republic | 
African Union | mem | Chad | 
African Union | mem | Comoros | 
African Union | mem | Congo (Republic) | 
African Union | mem | Côte d'Ivoire | 
African Union | mem | DR Congo | 
African Union | mem | Djibouti | 
African Union | mem | Egypt | 
African Union | mem | Equatorial Guinea | 
African Union | mem | Eritrea | 
African Union | mem | Eswatini | 
African Union | mem | Ethiopia | hosts AU HQ
African Union | mem | Gabon | suspended
African Union | mem | Gambia | 
African Union | mem | Ghana | 
African Union | mem | Guinea | suspended
African Union | mem | Guinea-Bissau | 
African Union | mem | Kenya | 
African Union | mem | Lesotho | 
African Union | mem | Liberia | 
African Union | mem | Libya | 
African Union | mem | Madagascar | 
African Union | mem | Malawi | 
African Union | mem | Mali | suspended
African Union | mem | Mauritania | 
African Union | mem | Mauritius | 
African Union | mem | Morocco | rejoined 2017
African Union | mem | Mozambique | 
African Union | mem | Namibia | 
African Union | mem | Niger | suspended
African Union | mem | Nigeria | 
African Union | mem | Rwanda | 
African Union | mem | São Tomé & Príncipe | 
African Union | mem | Senegal | 
African Union | mem | Seychelles | 
African Union | mem | Sierra Leone | 
African Union | mem | Somalia | 
African Union | mem | South Africa | 
African Union | mem | South Sudan | 
African Union | mem | Sudan | suspended
African Union | mem | Tanzania | 
African Union | mem | Togo | 
African Union | mem | Tunisia | 
African Union | mem | Uganda | 
African Union | mem | Western Sahara (SADR) | its seat drove Morocco's 1984 exit
African Union | mem | Zambia | 
African Union | mem | Zimbabwe | 
ECOWAS | mem | Benin | 
ECOWAS | mem | Cabo Verde | 
ECOWAS | mem | Côte d'Ivoire | 
ECOWAS | mem | Gambia | 
ECOWAS | mem | Ghana | 
ECOWAS | mem | Guinea | suspended since 2021 coup
ECOWAS | mem | Guinea-Bissau | 
ECOWAS | mem | Liberia | 
ECOWAS | mem | Nigeria | anchor economy
ECOWAS | mem | Senegal | 
ECOWAS | mem | Sierra Leone | 
ECOWAS | mem | Togo | 
Alliance of Sahel States | mem | Mali | 
Alliance of Sahel States | mem | Burkina Faso | 
Alliance of Sahel States | mem | Niger | 
Turkic States (OTS) | mem | Turkey | de facto leader
Turkic States (OTS) | mem | Azerbaijan | 
Turkic States (OTS) | mem | Kazakhstan | 
Turkic States (OTS) | mem | Uzbekistan | 
Turkic States (OTS) | mem | Kyrgyzstan | 
Turkic States (OTS) | mem | Turkmenistan | observer
Turkic States (OTS) | mem | Hungary | observer
Mercosur | mem | Brazil | 
Mercosur | mem | Argentina | 
Mercosur | mem | Uruguay | 
Mercosur | mem | Paraguay | 
Mercosur | mem | Bolivia | full member since 2024
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Australia | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | New Zealand | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Papua New Guinea | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Fiji | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Solomon Islands | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Vanuatu | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Samoa | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Tonga | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Kiribati | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Tuvalu | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Nauru | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Marshall Islands | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Micronesia | 
Pacific Islands Forum | mem | Palau | 
CARICOM | mem | Antigua & Barbuda | 
CARICOM | mem | Bahamas | 
CARICOM | mem | Barbados | 
CARICOM | mem | Belize | 
CARICOM | mem | Dominica | 
CARICOM | mem | Grenada | 
CARICOM | mem | Guyana | 
CARICOM | mem | Haiti | 
CARICOM | mem | Jamaica | 
CARICOM | mem | St. Kitts & Nevis | 
CARICOM | mem | St. Lucia | 
CARICOM | mem | St. Vincent & Grenadines | 
CARICOM | mem | Suriname | 
CARICOM | mem | Trinidad & Tobago | 
OAS | mem | United States | 
OAS | mem | Canada | 
OAS | mem | Mexico | 
OAS | mem | Guatemala | 
OAS | mem | Belize | 
OAS | mem | Honduras | 
OAS | mem | El Salvador | 
OAS | mem | Costa Rica | 
OAS | mem | Panama | 
OAS | mem | Colombia | 
OAS | mem | Ecuador | 
OAS | mem | Peru | 
OAS | mem | Bolivia | 
OAS | mem | Chile | 
OAS | mem | Argentina | 
OAS | mem | Paraguay | 
OAS | mem | Uruguay | 
OAS | mem | Brazil | 
OAS | mem | Guyana | 
OAS | mem | Suriname | 
OAS | mem | Dominican Republic | 
OAS | mem | Haiti | 
OAS | mem | Jamaica | 
OAS | mem | Trinidad & Tobago | 
OAS | mem | Barbados | 
OAS | mem | Bahamas | 
OAS | mem | Antigua & Barbuda | 
OAS | mem | Dominica | 
OAS | mem | Grenada | 
OAS | mem | St. Kitts & Nevis | 
OAS | mem | St. Lucia | 
OAS | mem | St. Vincent & Grenadines | 
IMF & World Bank | mem | United States | largest shareholder; effective veto
IMF & World Bank | mem | Japan | second-largest shareholder
IMF & World Bank | mem | Germany | top-four shareholder
IMF & World Bank | mem | China | third-largest; builds NDB/AIIB alternatives
United States | def | Japan | Mutual security treaty; ~55k US troops
United States | def | South Korea | 1953 Mutual Defense Treaty; ~28k troops
United States | def | Philippines | 1951 treaty; EDCA base access expanded
United States | def | Australia | ANZUS treaty; AUKUS submarines
United States | def | Thailand | Treaty ally (Manila Pact) that hedges toward China
United States | def | Taiwan | Taiwan Relations Act: arms, strategic ambiguity
United States | def | Israel | Closest Mideast ally; $3.8bn/yr military aid
United States | def | Saudi Arabia | Oil-for-security bargain since 1945; pact talks
United States | def | Qatar | Al Udeid airbase; major non-NATO ally
United States | def | Bahrain | US Fifth Fleet headquarters
United States | def | Kuwait | Major non-NATO ally; prepositioned forces
United States | def | UAE | Al Dhafra base; arms sales
United States | def | Jordan | Bases and aid; major non-NATO ally
United States | def | Egypt | $1.3bn/yr military aid since Camp David
United States | def | Iraq | Coalition presence winding down 2025–26
United States | infl | Syria | Sanctions relief 2025; residual troops in the east
United States | def | Colombia | Plan Colombia legacy; major non-NATO ally
United States | def | Kenya | Major non-NATO ally (2024); counterterrorism
United States | def | Morocco | Major non-NATO ally; backs its W. Sahara claim
United States | def | Somalia | AFRICOM strikes against al-Shabaab
United States | def | Djibouti | Camp Lemonnier, the main US base in Africa
United States | infl | Pakistan | Major non-NATO ally; transactional ties
United States | def | India | Major defense partner; iCET tech pacts
United States | def | Ukraine | Chief arms source since 2022; flows now conditional
United States | econ | Vietnam | Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2023)
United States | def | Singapore | Logistics hub; Changi access
United States | def | Marshall Islands | Compact of Free Association: US runs defense
United States | def | Micronesia | Compact of Free Association
United States | def | Palau | Compact of Free Association; radar site
United States | econ | Mexico | USMCA; each other's top trade partner
United States | def | Canada | NORAD air defense; USMCA economy
United States | def | United Kingdom | 'Special relationship': nuclear and intelligence
United States | def | Germany | Ramstein etc.: largest US force hub in Europe
United States | def | Poland | Permanent garrison; missile-defense site
United States | def | Denmark | Pituffik base; 2025 pressure over Greenland
United States | econ | European Union | World's biggest trade-investment axis; tariff rifts
United States | infl | Panama | Canal pressure 2025; Panama exited the BRI
United States | econ | Argentina | Treasury/IMF lifelines; $20bn swap (2025)
United States | econ | Guyana | ExxonMobil oil; security ties against Venezuela
United States | infl | Ecuador | Security cooperation under Noboa
United States | infl | El Salvador | 2025 deportation-and-prison deals
United States | econ | Brazil | Major partner; 2025 tariff clash
United States | infl | Mongolia | 'Third neighbor' partner between the giants
United States | proxy | SDF (Syrian Kurds) | Armed and funded against ISIS; drawdown underway
United States | econ | DR Congo | 2025 minerals-for-security framework
United States | econ | Angola | Lobito rail corridor, the G7 answer to the BRI
United States | rival | China | Systemic rivalry: tech, trade, Taiwan
United States | rival | Russia | Post-2022 confrontation; arms control dead
United States | rival | Iran | Sanctions; June 2025 strikes on nuclear sites
United States | rival | North Korea | Nuclear standoff since the 1950s
United States | rival | Venezuela | Pressure campaign; 2025 strikes on alleged narco boats
United States | rival | Cuba | Embargo since 1962
United States | rival | Houthis (Ansar Allah) | Red Sea strikes 2024–25; May 2025 truce
China | def | Russia | 'No-limits' partnership, short of a formal alliance
China | def | North Korea | 1961 treaty — Beijing's only formal ally
China | def | Pakistan | 'All-weather' ally; $60bn+ CPEC corridor
China | def | Cambodia | Ream naval base access
China | def | Djibouti | First overseas PLA base (2017)
China | def | Solomon Islands | 2022 security and policing pact
China | energy | Iran | 25-year pact; top buyer of sanctioned oil
China | energy | Saudi Arabia | Top oil customer; Aramco downstream ties
China | energy | Iraq | Largest buyer of Iraqi crude
China | energy | Qatar | 27-year LNG megadeals
China | energy | Venezuela | Loans-for-oil; over $50bn lent
China | energy | Turkmenistan | Buys most of its gas
China | energy | Angola | Oil-backed lending
China | econ | Brazil | Top trade partner: soy, iron ore
China | econ | Argentina | Currency swaps; space station
China | econ | Peru | Chancay megaport opened 2024
China | econ | Chile | Copper and lithium buyer
China | econ | Bolivia | Lithium ventures
China | econ | Kazakhstan | Belt & Road land-corridor anchor
China | econ | Laos | Boten–Vientiane railway; heavy debt
China | econ | Myanmar | CMEC corridor; junta lifeline and border leverage
China | econ | Sri Lanka | Hambantota port, 99-year lease
China | econ | Bangladesh | Arms supplier and infrastructure
China | infl | Nepal | BRI projects; balancing India
China | infl | Maldives | Pro-Beijing turn under Muizzu
China | econ | Afghanistan | Mes Aynak copper; engages the Taliban
China | econ | Mongolia | Buys its coal exports
China | econ | Indonesia | Jakarta–Bandung rail; nickel industry
China | econ | Malaysia | East Coast Rail Link; top trade
China | econ | Ethiopia | Djibouti railway, industrial parks
China | econ | Kenya | Standard-gauge railway debt
China | econ | Nigeria | Rail, ports, refinery finance
China | econ | DR Congo | Cobalt and copper (Sicomines)
China | econ | Zambia | Copperbelt; debt restructuring
China | econ | Zimbabwe | Lithium rush; 'Look East' ally
China | econ | Guinea | Bauxite; Simandou iron ore
China | econ | South Africa | BRICS anchor; top trade partner
China | econ | Egypt | Suez-zone investment
China | econ | Greece | COSCO runs Piraeus port
China | econ | Hungary | BYD and CATL plants; BRI beachhead in the EU
China | econ | Serbia | 'Ironclad' friend: steel, surveillance tech
China | econ | Belarus | Great Stone industrial park
China | econ | Germany | Auto and machinery interdependence
China | econ | European Union | Top-two trade; 'de-risking' tension
China | econ | Australia | Iron-ore lifeline; coercion thawed
China | infl | Kiribati | Won recognition 2019; police deals
China | infl | Honduras | Switched from Taiwan in 2023
China | infl | Nicaragua | Switched from Taiwan in 2021
China | rival | Japan | Senkaku dispute atop huge trade
China | rival | India | Himalayan standoff since 2020 Galwan clash
China | rival | Taiwan | Claims the island; invasion pressure
China | rival | Philippines | Shoal clashes in the South China Sea
China | rival | Vietnam | South China Sea dispute atop trade
Russia | def | Belarus | Union State; tactical nukes deployed
Russia | def | North Korea | 2024 mutual-defense treaty; DPRK troops
Russia | def | Iran | 2025 strategic treaty; Shahed drones
Russia | def | India | Legacy arms (S-400) plus discounted oil
Russia | def | Armenia | Gyumri base; ties badly strained
Russia | infl | Syria | Tartus and Khmeimim bases in limbo post-Assad
Russia | energy | Serbia | Gas plus Orthodox-Slavic ties
Russia | energy | Hungary | Paks-2 nuclear plant; pipeline gas
Russia | energy | Turkey | TurkStream, Akkuyu plant; rivals in Syria and the Caucasus
Russia | def | Venezuela | Arms, advisers, oil workarounds
Russia | infl | Cuba | Revived Soviet-era ties; debt relief
Russia | infl | Nicaragua | Military cooperation deals
Russia | def | Algeria | Top African arms client
Russia | econ | Egypt | El Dabaa nuclear plant; wheat
Russia | def | Alliance of Sahel States | Arms and Africa Corps for the junta bloc
Russia | infl | Sudan | Chasing a Port Sudan naval base deal
Russia | infl | Afghanistan | First to accredit a Taliban envoy (2025)
Russia | def | Vietnam | Legacy arms partner
Russia | infl | Azerbaijan | Strained since the 2024 airliner shootdown
Russia | proxy | Wagner / Africa Corps | MoD-run successor to Prigozhin's outfit
Russia | rival | Ukraine | Full-scale invasion since Feb 2022
Russia | rival | NATO | The system's central adversarial axis
Russia | rival | Georgia | Occupies Abkhazia and South Ossetia
Russia | rival | Moldova | Transnistria garrison; election meddling
Wagner / Africa Corps | proxy | Mali | Fights insurgents; paid in gold
Wagner / Africa Corps | proxy | Central African Republic | Regime guard; diamonds and timber
Wagner / Africa Corps | proxy | Burkina Faso | Africa Corps trainers
Wagner / Africa Corps | proxy | Niger | Africa Corps after the US exit
Wagner / Africa Corps | proxy | Libyan National Army (LNA) | Backs Haftar's east; air bases
Wagner / Africa Corps | proxy | RSF (Sudan) | Gold ties; earlier arms channel
Iran | proxy | Hezbollah | Founding patron: money, missiles
Iran | proxy | Houthis (Ansar Allah) | Arms and targeting technology
Iran | proxy | Hamas | Funds and weapons (the Sunni exception)
Iran | proxy | Iraqi Shia Militias (PMF) | Quds Force network in Iraq
Iran | infl | Iraq | Deep sway over politics and trade
Iran | econ | Venezuela | Sanctions-evasion axis; fuel swaps
Iran | def | North Korea | Reported missile cooperation
Iran | def | Sudan | Drones to the army (2024)
Iran | infl | Oman | Muscat as the back-channel host
Iran | infl | Pakistan | Uneasy neighbors: 2024 strikes, stalled pipeline
Iran | rival | Israel | Shadow war that went open in June 2025
Iran | rival | Saudi Arabia | Sunni–Shia cold war; 2023 détente
Iran | rival | Syria | Expelled after Assad's fall
Hezbollah | infl | Lebanon | A state within the state
Iraqi Shia Militias (PMF) | infl | Iraq | Militias on the state payroll
Houthis (Ansar Allah) | rival | Yemen | Civil war against the government
Hamas | rival | Palestine | Fatah–Hamas split since 2007
Israel | def | Azerbaijan | Arms-for-oil; drone technology
Israel | def | India | Top-tier arms client
Israel | def | Germany | Submarines; 'special responsibility'
Israel | econ | UAE | Abraham Accords 2020; trade boom
Israel | infl | Bahrain | Abraham Accords normalization
Israel | def | Morocco | Abraham Accords plus a defense MoU
Israel | infl | Egypt | 1979 peace; Gaza and Sinai coordination
Israel | infl | Jordan | 1994 peace; water and energy deals
Israel | rival | Hezbollah | 2024 war decapitated the group
Israel | rival | Hamas | October 2023 war; 2025 ceasefire phases
Israel | rival | Houthis (Ansar Allah) | Missile and drone exchanges
Israel | rival | Syria | Strikes and buffer occupation, plus talks
Israel | rival | Turkey | Rupture over Gaza; friction inside Syria
Israel | rival | Palestine | Occupation; PA security coordination persists
Saudi Arabia | def | Pakistan | 2025 mutual-defense pact
Saudi Arabia | proxy | Yemen | Bankrolls and arms the government side
Saudi Arabia | rival | Houthis (Ansar Allah) | War since 2015; truce diplomacy
Saudi Arabia | econ | Egypt | Key financial patron
Saudi Arabia | econ | Syria | Bankrolling reconstruction
UAE | proxy | RSF (Sudan) | Arms conduit per UN panel reports
UAE | econ | Egypt | Bailouts; $35bn Ras el-Hekma deal
UAE | econ | Ethiopia | Investment plus past drone support
UAE | econ | India | CEPA trade pact; I2U2 grouping
UAE | proxy | Libyan National Army (LNA) | Backs Haftar's east
Qatar | def | Turkey | Turkish base; 2017 blockade lifeline
Qatar | infl | Hamas | Hosts the politburo; Gaza mediator
Turkey | def | Syria | Patron of the post-Assad government
Turkey | def | Libya | 2019 pact: troops and drones for Tripoli
Turkey | def | Somalia | Largest overseas base; 2024 naval deal
Turkey | def | Azerbaijan | 'One nation, two states'; Shusha pact
Turkey | def | Ukraine | Bayraktar drones; grain diplomacy
Turkey | def | Ethiopia | Armed-drone supplier
Turkey | def | Pakistan | Defense-industry partnership
Turkey | infl | Iraq | PKK operations; Development Road project
Turkey | infl | Hamas | Political support
Turkey | econ | European Union | Customs union; accession frozen
Turkey | rival | Greece | Aegean and gas disputes inside NATO
Turkey | rival | Cyprus | Occupies the north since 1974
Turkey | rival | SDF (Syrian Kurds) | Sees the YPG core as PKK
Egypt | rival | Ethiopia | Nile dam (GERD) dispute
Egypt | def | Somalia | 2024 defense pact against Ethiopia
Egypt | def | Sudan | Backs the army; historic ties
Egypt | def | Libyan National Army (LNA) | Backs the eastern camp
Egypt | infl | Palestine | Rafah gateway; chief mediator
France | infl | Lebanon | Traditional patron; aid conferences
SDF (Syrian Kurds) | infl | Syria | 2025 integration agreement
Libyan National Army (LNA) | rival | Libya | Divided east–west governance
RSF (Sudan) | rival | Sudan | Civil war against the army since 2023
United Kingdom | def | France | Lancaster House defense treaties
France | econ | Germany | The EU's engine room
United Kingdom | def | Ukraine | Security pact; Storm Shadow missiles
France | def | Ukraine | Security pact; Mirages, SCALP
Germany | def | Ukraine | Second-largest arms donor
Poland | def | Ukraine | Arms gateway; grain frictions
European Union | infl | Ukraine | Candidate; accession talks and funding
NATO | infl | Ukraine | Promised future membership, no Article 5
NATO | def | Kosovo | KFOR keeps the peace
Norway | energy | European Union | Top pipeline-gas supplier since 2022
Azerbaijan | energy | European Union | Southern Gas Corridor
Algeria | energy | Italy | TransMed: Italy's top gas source
Algeria | energy | Spain | Medgaz pipeline; W. Sahara friction
Switzerland | econ | European Union | Bilateral treaties; finance hub
Serbia | infl | European Union | A candidate that hedges
Serbia | rival | Kosovo | Non-recognition; northern flashpoints
Bosnia & Herzegovina | infl | European Union | EUFOR mission; candidate
Moldova | infl | European Union | Candidate; Transnistria issue
United Kingdom | econ | European Union | Post-Brexit trade pact
United Kingdom | def | Japan | Access agreement plus GCAP fighter
Italy | def | Japan | GCAP fighter partner
United Kingdom | infl | Mauritius | 2025 Chagos deal keeps Diego Garcia
Armenia | def | France | Arms sales as Russia recedes
Armenia | def | India | Artillery and air-defense buyer
Armenia | rival | Azerbaijan | 2025 Washington peace declaration
France | def | Côte d'Ivoire | Base handed over 2025; ties remain
France | def | Djibouti | Largest French base abroad
France | infl | Senegal | 2025 troop withdrawal; CFA franc ties
France | infl | Chad | Ended its military presence Dec 2024
France | infl | Morocco | Backed the autonomy plan for W. Sahara
France | rival | Algeria | Colonial memory; 2024–25 crisis
Morocco | rival | Western Sahara (SADR) | Controls most of the territory
Algeria | proxy | Western Sahara (SADR) | Hosts and backs Polisario
Ethiopia | rival | Somalia | Somaliland port deal; Ankara truce
Ethiopia | rival | Eritrea | Post-Tigray tension; port ambitions
Rwanda | proxy | M23 | UN-documented support
M23 | rival | DR Congo | Took Goma in 2025; peace tracks
Rwanda | rival | DR Congo | State-level tension atop the proxy war
Rwanda | def | Mozambique | Troops guard Cabo Delgado gas
Kenya | def | Haiti | Leads the UN-backed anti-gang mission
Japan | def | Djibouti | Japan's only overseas base
Venezuela | def | Cuba | Oil-for-doctors alliance; ALBA core
Venezuela | rival | Guyana | Essequibo claim; 2023 referendum
Brazil | econ | Argentina | Mercosur core partnership
Japan | def | South Korea | US-brokered Camp David trilateral
Japan | def | Philippines | 2024 Reciprocal Access Agreement
Japan | def | Australia | Access pact; quasi-allies
India | def | France | Rafales, submarines; strategic-autonomy partners
India | def | Bhutan | Treaty; guides Thimphu's diplomacy
India | infl | Nepal | Open border; contest with China
India | infl | Bangladesh | Chill after Hasina fled to India in 2024
India | infl | Sri Lanka | Bailed it out in 2022; counter-China
India | infl | Maldives | 'India Out' spat, then a reset
India | infl | Afghanistan | Re-engaging the Taliban since 2025
India | econ | Iran | Chabahar port, INSTC corridor
India | rival | Pakistan | Kashmir; May 2025 clash
Pakistan | rival | Afghanistan | TTP havens; October 2025 border war
North Korea | rival | South Korea | Armistice; 'two hostile states' line
Myanmar | def | Russia | Arms and legitimacy for the junta
Thailand | rival | Cambodia | July 2025 border war; ceasefire
Australia | def | Papua New Guinea | 2025 Pukpuk mutual-defense treaty
Australia | def | Tuvalu | Falepili Union: climate plus security veto
Australia | infl | Solomon Islands | Aid and policing contest with China
Australia | infl | Fiji | Vuvale partnership
Taiwan | infl | Paraguay | Recognizes Taipei — the largest such state
Taiwan | infl | Guatemala | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | Belize | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | Haiti | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | St. Kitts & Nevis | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | St. Lucia | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | St. Vincent & Grenadines | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | Palau | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | Marshall Islands | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | Tuvalu | Recognizes Taipei
Taiwan | infl | Eswatini | Recognizes Taipei — the last in Africa
United States | un | United Kingdom | P3 bloc: vote together on nearly every text; London hasn't vetoed since 1989
United States | un | France | P3 bloc: aligned on most files, but Paris abstained against the US Ukraine text in 2025
United Kingdom | un | France | The European P5 pair: near-identical records; joint abstentions on Ukraine (2025) and Iran texts (2026)
Russia | un | China | The tandem P2: China rarely vetoes alone; joint veto on the 2026 Hormuz draft, matching abstentions on Gaza (2803) and Iran (2817)
Switzerland | lev | United States | Protecting power: has run US interests in Iran since 1980 — the de facto US embassy channel
Switzerland | lev | Iran | Hosts the Washington–Tehran back-channel and the humanitarian trade lane
Turkey | lev | Iraq | Upstream on the Tigris–Euphrates: Turkish dams set how much water reaches Iraq
Turkey | lev | Syria | Euphrates headwaters: Ankara's dams are a tap on Syria's water and power
China | lev | India | Controls the Tibetan headwaters of the Brahmaputra; the Great Bend mega-dam alarms Delhi
India | lev | Pakistan | Indus Waters Treaty held 'in abeyance' since 2025: upstream control of Pakistan's lifeline
Ethiopia | lev | Sudan | The GERD sits just upstream of Khartoum: flood control and power over the Blue Nile
Qatar | lev | United Kingdom | Sovereign stakes: Heathrow, Harrods, the Shard, Barclays — wealth woven into London
Netherlands | lev | China | ASML's lithography monopoly: Dutch export rules choke China's advanced chips
Tajikistan | lev | Uzbekistan | Rogun mega-dam: upstream water power over the downstream cotton plains
Iran | cul | Tajikistan | Persian-speaking kin: Tajik is Persian in Cyrillic script; shared Nowruz and poetry canon
Iran | cul | Afghanistan | Dari is Persian; a millennium of shared Khorasan, and millions of Afghans living in Iran
Iran | cul | Azerbaijan | More Azeris live in Iran than in the republic; Safavid and Shia heritage binds and chafes
Iran | cul | Armenia | Ties from ancient Persarmenia; Iran keeps one of the world's oldest Armenian communities
Iran | cul | Iraq | Najaf and Qom: twin Shia seminary cities; centuries of Persian-Mesopotamian interweave
Iran | cul | Uzbekistan | Bukhara and Samarkand were Persianate crown jewels - heritage claims flow both ways
Russia | cul | Kazakhstan | Russian as lingua franca; ~3m ethnic Russians in the north, kinship Moscow can invoke
Russia | cul | Ukraine | A shared Kyivan-Rus origin story - wielded by Moscow as a claim, rejected by Kyiv as erasure
Russia | cul | Serbia | Pan-Slav and Orthodox bond since the 19th century; Kosovo cemented it
Russia | cul | Israel | A million-plus Soviet-born Israelis make Russian the street's second language
United Kingdom | cul | India | The Raj's imprint: English, common law, cricket - and a 1.7m diaspora in Britain
United States | cul | Ireland | 40m Irish-Americans: a diaspora that bends US policy (Good Friday guarantees)
United States | cul | Mexico | 60m+ Hispanic Americans; Spanish as the de facto second US language
United States | cul | Philippines | A US colony 1898-1946: English, the school system, 4m Filipino-Americans
France | cul | Senegal | The Francophonie's West African cornerstone, from Senghor's Academie seat onward
France | cul | Lebanon | Mandate legacy: French in the schools, a Maronite bond centuries old
France | cul | Algeria | 132 years of colonization; 5m+ Algerian-origin French - intimacy and wound at once
France | cul | Canada | Quebec's 8m Francophones; co-founder of the Francophonie
France | cul | Haiti | The first Black republic - then made to pay France an independence ransom until 1947
Belgium | cul | DR Congo | Leopold's colony: French-speaking Congo and a reckoning still unfolding
Portugal | cul | Brazil | Mother country of the language: 200m Brazilians anchor the Lusophone world (CPLP)
Portugal | cul | Angola | Colonial war to CPLP partnership; Luanda's money now flows into Lisbon
Portugal | cul | Timor-Leste | Lusophone outpost whose independence Lisbon championed
Spain | cul | Mexico | Heir of New Spain: the largest Spanish-speaking nation; Ibero-American summitry
Spain | cul | Argentina | Built by Spanish and Italian settlement; citizenship flows both ways
China | cul | Vietnam | A millennium under Chinese rule left Confucian statecraft and wary intimacy
China | cul | Singapore | Three-quarters ethnic Chinese; kinship Beijing courts and Singapore fences
India | cul | Nepal | Hindu civilizational twins: open border, shared epics, Gurkha service
India | cul | Bangladesh | Bengal split in two: one language, and Tagore wrote both anthems
India | cul | Sri Lanka | Tamil kinship across the Palk Strait - a bond that once fed a war
India | cul | Pakistan | One civilization partitioned in 1947; Hindustani speech, Punjab cut in half
Pakistan | cul | Bangladesh | One state until 1971; the Bengali language movement began the break
Turkey | cul | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Ottoman legacy: Bosniak kinship and Turkish soft power via faith and TIKA
Turkey | cul | Germany | 3m Turkish-Germans from the Gastarbeiter era; Ankara campaigns in Cologne
Greece | cul | Cyprus | One Hellenic nation, two states: the enosis story and daily intimacy
Serbia | cul | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Serb kinship across the Drina: Belgrade's standing tie to Republika Srpska
Albania | cul | Kosovo | One Albanian nation in two states; unification polls high on both sides
Romania | cul | Moldova | One language and history; a million Moldovans carry Romanian passports
Bulgaria | cul | North Macedonia | Kindred tongues, contested history - Sofia's EU veto turns on identity
Hungary | cul | Romania | 1.1m Hungarians in Transylvania: Trianon's living legacy, passports from Budapest
Germany | cul | Austria | One language, braided history - union forbidden by treaty in 1919
Sweden | cul | Finland | Six centuries one realm; Swedish still co-official in Finland
Ethiopia | cul | Eritrea | One highland Habesha civilization, split by the 1993 divorce
Somalia | cul | Djibouti | Somali-speaking kin state - one nation across several flags
Rwanda | cul | Burundi | Twin kingdoms of the same peoples, with mirrored tragedies
Japan | cul | Brazil | Home of the largest Japanese diaspora (~2m Nikkei); labor flows run both ways
Lebanon | cul | Brazil | More Lebanese-descended Brazilians than Lebanese in Lebanon
Armenia | cul | France | A 600k Armenian-French community; genocide memory shapes French policy
Netherlands | cul | Indonesia | 350 years of the VOC and the Indies; a 2022 state apology for colonial violence
Italy | cul | Libya | The 'fourth shore': colonization, ENI's oil and today's migration routes
Japan | cul | South Korea | Colonial rule 1910-45 beneath the alliance: memory politics never far away
Indonesia | cul | Malaysia | Serumpun: one Malay-language world, sibling rivalry included
Iran | infl | Lebanon | State channel beside Hezbollah: embassy, 2021 fuel shipments, reconstruction offers
Iran | cul | Lebanon | Jabal Amel's clerics converted Safavid Iran to Shiism in the 1500s; seminary ties ever since
Iran | energy | Qatar | Share the North Dome / South Pars superfield - the world's largest gas reserve
Turkey | energy | Iran | Tabriz-Ankara gas line; rivals who trade, from Syria to the Caucasus
Iran | econ | UAE | Dubai as the sanctions-era trade valve; Abu Musa islands dispute beneath
Saudi Arabia | def | UAE | Yemen-war partners turned friendly rivals: oil quotas, ports, influence
Saudi Arabia | infl | Qatar | From the 2017-21 blockade to the Al-Ula reconciliation
Saudi Arabia | infl | Lebanon | Historic patron of the Sunni camp; largesse frozen over Hezbollah
Syria | infl | Lebanon | Occupied it 1976-2005; borders, refugees and smuggling still bind them
Jordan | infl | Palestine | Hashemite custodianship of Al-Aqsa; half of Jordan is Palestinian-origin
United Kingdom | def | Oman | Duqm base and treaty ties running back centuries
France | def | Egypt | Rafale jets and warships - Cairo's European armorer
France | def | UAE | Permanent French base in Abu Dhabi; 80 Rafales ordered
France | def | Greece | 2021 pact with a mutual-defense clause; Rafales and Belharra frigates
Egypt | infl | Greece | EEZ agreement and the anti-Ankara East-Med axis
Israel | energy | Greece | East-Med gas axis with Cyprus: pipeline dreams, power cable real
China | econ | South Korea | Top trade partner; THAAD-era coercion still remembered
China | econ | Thailand | High-speed rail, submarines deal, top trade - Bangkok's other patron
China | infl | Cuba | Reported signals-intelligence sites; lifeline trade
China | rival | Canada | The two Michaels, election-interference probes - the chill endures
Japan | infl | Taiwan | Unofficial but thick: chips and security - 'a Taiwan contingency is a Japan contingency'
India | econ | Japan | Shinkansen for Mumbai; 'Special Strategic' partners
India | def | Australia | Malabar drills and the ECTA trade pact - the Quad's southern axis
India | econ | United Kingdom | 2025 free-trade agreement; City-Mumbai finance ties
India | econ | Saudi Arabia | Top oil supplier; 2.6m Indian workers in the kingdom
South Korea | econ | Vietnam | Samsung builds half its phones here - Korea is the top investor
Australia | infl | Indonesia | Lombok Treaty neighbors: security cooperation with occasional spats
Russia | lev | Kazakhstan | CPC pipeline: ~80% of Kazakh oil exits through Russia - a valve Moscow squeezes
Russia | energy | Uzbekistan | 2023 gas deal reversed the flow south; millions of Uzbek workers in Russia
Russia | def | Tajikistan | The 201st base - Russia's largest abroad; a remittance lifeline
Russia | def | Kyrgyzstan | Kant airbase; the other Central Asian garrison
Kazakhstan | econ | Azerbaijan | Middle Corridor: the trans-Caspian route around Russia
Georgia | infl | European Union | Candidacy frozen since the 2024 'foreign agents' turn
United States | rival | South Africa | 2025 rupture: aid cut, ambassador expelled, G20 boycott
South Africa | rival | Israel | Brought the ICJ genocide case over Gaza
Djibouti | lev | Ethiopia | 95% of Ethiopian trade breathes through Djibouti's port
European Union | rival | Iran | E3 sanctions architecture; JCPOA diplomacy died with the 2025 snapback
```

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## Country factbook

Founding year, capital, population (≈ 2025, millions), main language, currency and approximate ethnic makeup for every state on the map. Figures are rounded orientation values; the interactive map adds, for 72 profiled states, notable historical/political figures and a landmark work of literature with Wikipedia and Amazon links. Sources: [CIA World Factbook](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/) · [UN World Population Prospects](https://population.un.org/wpp/).

| Country | Founded | Capital | Pop. M | Language | Currency | Peoples (≈) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 1776 | Washington, D.C. | 341 | English | US dollar ($) | White 58%, Hispanic 20%, Black 13%, Asian 6% |
| Canada | 1867 | Ottawa | 41.5 | English, French | Canadian dollar ($) | European 70%, Asian 20%, Indigenous 5% |
| Mexico | 1810 | Mexico City | 131 | Spanish | Peso ($) | Mestizo 62%, Indigenous 21%, White 10% |
| Brazil | 1822 | Brasília | 212 | Portuguese | Real (R$) | Mixed 45%, White 43%, Black 10% |
| Argentina | 1816 | Buenos Aires | 46 | Spanish | Peso ($) | European (Ital./Span.) 85%, Mestizo 11% |
| Chile | 1818 | Santiago | 19.8 | Spanish | Peso ($) | Mestizo/White 88%, Mapuche 9% |
| Peru | 1821 | Lima | 34 | Spanish, Quechua | Sol (S/) | Mestizo 60%, Indigenous 25%, White 6% |
| Colombia | 1810 | Bogotá | 52.9 | Spanish | Peso ($) | Mestizo 58%, White 20%, Afro 10% |
| Venezuela | 1811 | Caracas | 28 | Spanish | Bolívar (Bs.) | Mestizo 52%, White 44% |
| Ecuador | 1830 | Quito | 18 | Spanish, Quechua | US dollar ($) | Mestizo 72%, Indigenous 7%, Montubio 7% |
| Bolivia | 1825 | La Paz / Sucre | 12.4 | Spanish, Quechua, Aymara | Boliviano (Bs) | Indigenous 48%, Mestizo 42% |
| Paraguay | 1811 | Asunción | 6.9 | Spanish, Guaraní | Guaraní (₲) | Mestizo 95% |
| Uruguay | 1825 | Montevideo | 3.4 | Spanish | Peso ($) | White 88%, Afro 8% |
| Guyana | 1966 | Georgetown | 0.8 | English | Guyanese dollar ($) | Indo 40%, Afro 29%, Mixed 20%, Amerindian 11% |
| Suriname | 1975 | Paramaribo | 0.63 | Dutch | Surinamese dollar ($) | Indo 27%, Maroon 22%, Creole 16%, Javanese 14% |
| Panama | 1903 | Panama City | 4.5 | Spanish | Balboa/US dollar ($) | Mestizo 65%, Afro 9%, Indigenous 12% |
| Costa Rica | 1821 | San José | 5.2 | Spanish | Colón (₡) | White/Mestizo 83%, Mulatto 7% |
| Nicaragua | 1821 | Managua | 7 | Spanish | Córdoba (C$) | Mestizo 69%, White 17%, Afro 9% |
| Honduras | 1821 | Tegucigalpa | 10.6 | Spanish | Lempira (L) | Mestizo 90% |
| El Salvador | 1821 | San Salvador | 6.3 | Spanish | US dollar ($) / Bitcoin | Mestizo 86%, White 13% |
| Guatemala | 1821 | Guatemala City | 18 | Spanish, Mayan langs. | Quetzal (Q) | Mestizo/Ladino 56%, Maya 42% |
| Belize | 1981 | Belmopan | 0.42 | English, Kriol | Belize dollar ($) | Mestizo 53%, Creole 26%, Maya 11% |
| Cuba | 1902 | Havana | 10 | Spanish | Cuban peso ($) | White 64%, Mulatto 27%, Black 9% |
| Haiti | 1804 | Port-au-Prince | 11.7 | Haitian Creole, French | Gourde (G) | Black 95% |
| Dominican Republic | 1844 | Santo Domingo | 11.3 | Spanish | Peso (RD$) | Mixed 74%, Black 16%, White 10% |
| Jamaica | 1962 | Kingston | 2.8 | English, Patois | Jamaican dollar ($) | Black 92%, Mixed 6% |
| Trinidad & Tobago | 1962 | Port of Spain | 1.4 | English | TT dollar ($) | Indo 35%, Afro 34%, Mixed 23% |
| Barbados | 1966 | Bridgetown | 0.28 | English | Barbadian dollar ($) | Black 93% |
| Bahamas | 1973 | Nassau | 0.41 | English | Bahamian dollar ($) | Black 91% |
| Antigua & Barbuda | 1981 | St. John's | 0.09 | English | EC dollar ($) | Black 87% |
| Dominica | 1978 | Roseau | 0.07 | English | EC dollar ($) | Black 85%, Mixed 9%, Kalinago 3% |
| Grenada | 1974 | St. George's | 0.11 | English | EC dollar ($) | Black 82%, Mixed 13% |
| St. Kitts & Nevis | 1983 | Basseterre | 0.05 | English | EC dollar ($) | Black 93% |
| St. Lucia | 1979 | Castries | 0.18 | English, Kwéyòl | EC dollar ($) | Black 85%, Mixed 11% |
| St. Vincent & Grenadines | 1979 | Kingstown | 0.1 | English | EC dollar ($) | Black 71%, Mixed 23% |
| United Kingdom | 1707 | London | 69 | English | Pound sterling (£) | White 82%, Asian 9%, Black 4% |
| France | 843 | Paris | 68.6 | French | Euro (€) | French; N.African & African heritage ~10% |
| Germany | 1871 | Berlin | 84 | German | Euro (€) | German 80%, Turkish 3.5%, other 16% |
| Italy | 1861 | Rome | 59 | Italian | Euro (€) | Italian 92% |
| Spain | 1479 | Madrid | 48.4 | Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician | Euro (€) | Spanish 84% (Catalan, Basque minorities) |
| Portugal | 1143 | Lisbon | 10.5 | Portuguese | Euro (€) | Portuguese 95% |
| Netherlands | 1581 | Amsterdam | 18 | Dutch | Euro (€) | Dutch 74%, other EU 7%, Turkish/Moroccan 5% |
| Belgium | 1830 | Brussels | 11.8 | Dutch, French, German | Euro (€) | Fleming 60%, Walloon 32% |
| Luxembourg | 1839 | Luxembourg | 0.68 | Luxembourgish, French, German | Euro (€) | Luxembourger 52%, foreign 48% |
| Ireland | 1922 | Dublin | 5.3 | English, Irish | Euro (€) | Irish 82% |
| Switzerland | 1291 | Bern | 9 | German, French, Italian, Romansh | Swiss franc (Fr) | Swiss 74%; German-, French-, Italian-speaking |
| Austria | 976 | Vienna | 9.2 | German | Euro (€) | Austrian 81% |
| Norway | 872 | Oslo | 5.6 | Norwegian | Krone (kr) | Norwegian 82%, Sámi minority |
| Sweden | 1523 | Stockholm | 10.6 | Swedish | Krona (kr) | Swedish 80% |
| Finland | 1917 | Helsinki | 5.6 | Finnish, Swedish | Euro (€) | Finn 91%, Swedish-speaking 5% |
| Denmark | 958 | Copenhagen | 6 | Danish | Krone (kr) | Danish 86% |
| Iceland | 1944 | Reykjavík | 0.4 | Icelandic | Króna (kr) | Icelandic 90% |
| Poland | 966 | Warsaw | 37 | Polish | Złoty (zł) | Polish 97% |
| Czechia | 1993 | Prague | 10.9 | Czech | Koruna (Kč) | Czech 90% |
| Slovakia | 1993 | Bratislava | 5.4 | Slovak | Euro (€) | Slovak 84%, Hungarian 8% |
| Hungary | 1000 | Budapest | 9.6 | Hungarian | Forint (Ft) | Hungarian 85%, Roma 3% |
| Romania | 1859 | Bucharest | 19 | Romanian | Leu (lei) | Romanian 89%, Hungarian 6% |
| Bulgaria | 681 | Sofia | 6.4 | Bulgarian | Lev (лв) | Bulgarian 85%, Turkish 8%, Roma 5% |
| Greece | 1821 | Athens | 10.3 | Greek | Euro (€) | Greek 92% |
| Cyprus | 1960 | Nicosia | 1.3 | Greek, Turkish | Euro (€) | Greek Cypriot 74%, Turkish Cypriot 10% |
| Malta | 1964 | Valletta | 0.55 | Maltese, English | Euro (€) | Maltese 95% |
| Slovenia | 1991 | Ljubljana | 2.1 | Slovene | Euro (€) | Slovene 83% |
| Croatia | 1991 | Zagreb | 3.8 | Croatian | Euro (€) | Croat 91%, Serb 3% |
| Bosnia & Herzegovina | 1992 | Sarajevo | 3.2 | Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian | Convertible mark (KM) | Bosniak 50%, Serb 31%, Croat 15% |
| Serbia | 1878 | Belgrade | 6.6 | Serbian | Dinar (дин) | Serb 83%, Hungarian 3% |
| Montenegro | 2006 | Podgorica | 0.62 | Montenegrin | Euro (€) | Montenegrin 45%, Serb 29%, Bosniak 9% |
| North Macedonia | 1991 | Skopje | 1.8 | Macedonian, Albanian | Denar (ден) | Macedonian 58%, Albanian 24% |
| Albania | 1912 | Tirana | 2.7 | Albanian | Lek (L) | Albanian 98% |
| Kosovo | 2008 | Pristina | 1.7 | Albanian, Serbian | Euro (€) | Albanian 92%, Serb 4% |
| Estonia | 1918 | Tallinn | 1.4 | Estonian | Euro (€) | Estonian 69%, Russian 24% |
| Latvia | 1918 | Riga | 1.8 | Latvian | Euro (€) | Latvian 63%, Russian 24% |
| Lithuania | 1918 | Vilnius | 2.9 | Lithuanian | Euro (€) | Lithuanian 85%, Polish 6.5%, Russian 5% |
| Ukraine | 1991 | Kyiv | 36 | Ukrainian | Hryvnia (₴) | Ukrainian 78%, Russian 17% (pre-war) |
| Moldova | 1991 | Chișinău | 2.4 | Romanian | Leu (L) | Moldovan/Romanian 82%, Ukrainian 7%, Gagauz 4% |
| Belarus | 1991 | Minsk | 9.1 | Belarusian, Russian | Ruble (Br) | Belarusian 84%, Russian 8% |
| Russia | 862 | Moscow | 144 | Russian | Ruble (₽) | Russian 81%, Tatar 4%, 190+ peoples |
| Kazakhstan | 1991 | Astana | 20 | Kazakh, Russian | Tenge (₸) | Kazakh 71%, Russian 15% |
| Uzbekistan | 1991 | Tashkent | 36.9 | Uzbek | So'm (сўм) | Uzbek 84%, Tajik 5% |
| Turkmenistan | 1991 | Ashgabat | 7 | Turkmen | Manat (m) | Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5% |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1991 | Bishkek | 7.1 | Kyrgyz, Russian | Som (с) | Kyrgyz 74%, Uzbek 15% |
| Tajikistan | 1991 | Dushanbe | 10.4 | Tajik (Persian) | Somoni (SM) | Tajik 84%, Uzbek 12% |
| Armenia | 1991 | Yerevan | 3 | Armenian | Dram (֏) | Armenian 98% |
| Azerbaijan | 1991 | Baku | 10.2 | Azerbaijani | Manat (₼) | Azerbaijani 92% |
| Georgia | 1991 | Tbilisi | 3.7 | Georgian | Lari (₾) | Georgian 87%, Azeri 6%, Armenian 4.5% |
| Turkey | 1923 | Ankara | 87 | Turkish | Lira (₺) | Turkish 75%, Kurdish 19% |
| Israel | 1948 | Jerusalem | 9.8 | Hebrew, Arabic | Shekel (₪) | Jewish 73%, Arab 21% |
| Palestine | 1988 (declared) | Ramallah / East Jerusalem | 5.5 | Arabic | Shekel (₪) / Dinar | Palestinian Arab ~98% |
| Lebanon | 1943 | Beirut | 5.8 | Arabic, French | Lebanese pound (ل.ل) | Arab 95% (Sunni, Shia, Maronite, Druze) |
| Syria | 1946 | Damascus | 23 | Arabic | Syrian pound (£S) | Arab 80%, Kurdish 10%, others 10% |
| Jordan | 1946 | Amman | 11.3 | Arabic | Dinar (JD) | Arab 97% (Palestinian-origin majority) |
| Iraq | 1932 | Baghdad | 46 | Arabic, Kurdish | Dinar (ع.د) | Arab 78%, Kurdish 17% |
| Iran | c. 550 BC / 1979 | Tehran | 92 | Persian (Farsi) | Rial (﷼) | Persian 61%, Azeri 16%, Kurd 10%, Lur 6% |
| Saudi Arabia | 1932 | Riyadh | 33 | Arabic | Riyal (﷼) | Saudi Arab 90%; large expat share |
| UAE | 1971 | Abu Dhabi | 11 | Arabic | Dirham (د.إ) | Emirati 11%, South Asian ~60% |
| Qatar | 1971 | Doha | 3 | Arabic | Riyal (﷼) | Qatari 11%; expatriate 89% |
| Kuwait | 1961 | Kuwait City | 4.9 | Arabic | Dinar (د.ك) | Kuwaiti 30%, other Arab 27%, Asian 40% |
| Bahrain | 1971 | Manama | 1.5 | Arabic | Dinar (.د.ب) | Bahraini 46%, Asian 46% |
| Oman | 1650 | Muscat | 5.2 | Arabic | Rial (﷼) | Omani Arab 61%; Baloch, Zanzibari |
| Yemen | 1990 (unified) | Sana'a / Aden | 35 | Arabic | Rial (﷼) | Arab ~98% |
| Egypt | 3100 BC / 1922 | Cairo | 116 | Arabic | Egyptian pound (£E) | Egyptian 95%, Copts ~10% by faith |
| Libya | 1951 | Tripoli | 7.2 | Arabic | Dinar (ل.د) | Arab-Berber 97% |
| Tunisia | 1956 | Tunis | 12.3 | Arabic | Dinar (د.ت) | Arab-Berber 98% |
| Algeria | 1962 | Algiers | 46.8 | Arabic, Tamazight | Dinar (د.ج) | Arab-Berber 99% (Kabyle ~15%) |
| Morocco | 788 | Rabat | 37.5 | Arabic, Tamazight | Dirham (د.م.) | Arab-Berber 99% (Amazigh ~40%) |
| Sudan | 1956 | Khartoum | 50 | Arabic, English | Sudanese pound (ج.س) | Sudanese Arab 70%, Fur, Beja, Nuba |
| Mauritania | 1960 | Nouakchott | 5.1 | Arabic | Ouguiya (UM) | Moor (Arab-Berber) 70%, Haratin, W. African 30% |
| Western Sahara (SADR) | 1976 (SADR) | Laayoune (claimed) | 0.6 | Arabic (Hassaniya) | Dirham/Peseta | Sahrawi Arab-Berber |
| Nigeria | 1960 | Abuja | 233 | English; Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo | Naira (₦) | Hausa-Fulani 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo 15% |
| Ghana | 1957 | Accra | 34 | English; Akan | Cedi (₵) | Akan 46%, Mole-Dagbani 18%, Ewe 14% |
| Senegal | 1960 | Dakar | 18.5 | French; Wolof | CFA franc (Fr) | Wolof 39%, Pular 27%, Serer 16% |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 1960 | Yamoussoukro | 31 | French | CFA franc (Fr) | Akan 38%, Voltaique 22%, Mandé 22% |
| Mali | 1960 | Bamako | 23.8 | French; Bambara | CFA franc (Fr) | Bambara 33%, Fulani 13%, Tuareg 5% |
| Burkina Faso | 1960 | Ouagadougou | 23 | French; Mooré | CFA franc (Fr) | Mossi 52%, Fulani 8% |
| Niger | 1960 | Niamey | 27 | French; Hausa | CFA franc (Fr) | Hausa 53%, Zarma 21%, Tuareg 11% |
| Chad | 1960 | N'Djamena | 18.5 | French, Arabic | CFA franc (Fr) | Sara 30%, Arab 12%, 200+ groups |
| Guinea | 1958 | Conakry | 14.5 | French; Fulani, Malinké | Guinean franc (Fr) | Fulani 33%, Malinké 29%, Susu 21% |
| Guinea-Bissau | 1973 | Bissau | 2.1 | Portuguese; Crioulo | CFA franc (Fr) | Fula 29%, Balanta 23%, Mandinga 14% |
| Sierra Leone | 1961 | Freetown | 8.6 | English; Krio | Leone (Le) | Temne 35%, Mende 31% |
| Liberia | 1847 | Monrovia | 5.5 | English | Liberian dollar ($) | Kpelle 20%, Bassa 13%, 16 groups |
| Togo | 1960 | Lomé | 9.1 | French; Ewe | CFA franc (Fr) | Ewe 32%, Kabye 22% |
| Benin | 1960 | Porto-Novo | 14 | French; Fon | CFA franc (Fr) | Fon 38%, Adja 15%, Yoruba 12% |
| Gambia | 1965 | Banjul | 2.7 | English; Mandinka | Dalasi (D) | Mandinka 34%, Fulani 22%, Wolof 12% |
| Cabo Verde | 1975 | Praia | 0.6 | Portuguese; Kriolu | Escudo ($) | Creole (mixed) 71% |
| Cameroon | 1960 | Yaoundé | 29 | French, English | CFA franc (Fr) | Bamileke-Bamu 24%, Beti 18%, 250 groups |
| Central African Republic | 1960 | Bangui | 5.7 | French, Sango | CFA franc (Fr) | Baya 29%, Banda 23%, Mandjia 13% |
| Gabon | 1960 | Libreville | 2.4 | French | CFA franc (Fr) | Fang 33%, Punu 19% |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1968 | Malabo | 1.7 | Spanish, French | CFA franc (Fr) | Fang 78%, Bubi 9% |
| Congo (Republic) | 1960 | Brazzaville | 6.1 | French; Lingala | CFA franc (Fr) | Kongo 41%, Teke 17%, Mbochi 13% |
| DR Congo | 1960 | Kinshasa | 109 | French; Lingala, Swahili | Congolese franc (FC) | Bantu majority; 200+ groups (Luba, Kongo, Mongo) |
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 1975 | São Tomé | 0.23 | Portuguese | Dobra (Db) | Mestiço majority |
| Ethiopia | c. 1270 | Addis Ababa | 132 | Amharic; Oromo | Birr (Br) | Oromo 36%, Amhara 24%, Tigray 6%, Somali 6% |
| Eritrea | 1993 | Asmara | 3.6 | Tigrinya, Arabic | Nakfa (Nfk) | Tigrinya 50%, Tigre 30% |
| Djibouti | 1977 | Djibouti | 1.2 | French, Arabic; Somali, Afar | Franc (Fdj) | Somali (Issa) 60%, Afar 35% |
| Somalia | 1960 | Mogadishu | 18.7 | Somali, Arabic | Shilling (Sh) | Somali 85% |
| Kenya | 1963 | Nairobi | 56 | Swahili, English | Shilling (KSh) | Kikuyu 17%, Luhya 14%, Kalenjin 13%, Luo 11% |
| Uganda | 1962 | Kampala | 50 | English, Swahili; Luganda | Shilling (USh) | Baganda 17%, Banyankole 10%, 40+ groups |
| Rwanda | 1962 | Kigali | 14 | Kinyarwanda, English, French | Franc (FRw) | Hutu ~85%, Tutsi ~14% (officially one people) |
| Burundi | 1962 | Gitega | 14 | Kirundi, French | Franc (FBu) | Hutu ~85%, Tutsi ~14% |
| Tanzania | 1961 | Dodoma | 68 | Swahili, English | Shilling (TSh) | 120+ groups; Sukuma largest 16% |
| South Sudan | 2011 | Juba | 11.9 | English; Dinka, Nuer | SS pound (£) | Dinka 36%, Nuer 16%, 60+ groups |
| Angola | 1975 | Luanda | 37 | Portuguese | Kwanza (Kz) | Ovimbundu 37%, Mbundu 25%, Bakongo 13% |
| Zambia | 1964 | Lusaka | 21 | English; Bemba | Kwacha (K) | Bemba 21%, Tonga 14%, 70+ groups |
| Malawi | 1964 | Lilongwe | 21 | English, Chichewa | Kwacha (MK) | Chewa 34%, Lomwe 19%, Yao 13% |
| Mozambique | 1975 | Maputo | 34 | Portuguese | Metical (MT) | Makua 26%, Tsonga 8.5%, many Bantu groups |
| Zimbabwe | 1980 | Harare | 16 | English; Shona, Ndebele | ZiG / US dollar | Shona 82%, Ndebele 14% |
| Botswana | 1966 | Gaborone | 2.5 | English, Setswana | Pula (P) | Tswana 79%, Kalanga 11% |
| Namibia | 1990 | Windhoek | 2.6 | English | Namibian dollar ($) | Ovambo 50%, Kavango 9%, Herero 7% |
| South Africa | 1910 / 1994 | Pretoria; Cape Town | 63 | 12 official; Zulu, Xhosa, English | Rand (R) | Black 81%, Coloured 9%, White 8%, Indian 2.5% |
| Lesotho | 1966 | Maseru | 2.3 | Sesotho, English | Loti (L) | Basotho 99% |
| Eswatini | 1968 | Mbabane | 1.2 | Swazi, English | Lilangeni (E) | Swazi 97% |
| Madagascar | 1960 | Antananarivo | 31 | Malagasy, French | Ariary (Ar) | Malagasy (18 groups); Merina largest |
| Mauritius | 1968 | Port Louis | 1.3 | English, French; Creole | Rupee (₨) | Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27% |
| Seychelles | 1976 | Victoria | 0.1 | Seselwa, English, French | Rupee (₨) | Creole (mixed) majority |
| Comoros | 1975 | Moroni | 0.9 | Comorian, Arabic, French | Franc (CF) | Comorian (Bantu-Arab) 97% |
| India | 1947 | New Delhi | 1451 | Hindi, English + 21 official | Rupee (₹) | Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25% |
| Pakistan | 1947 | Islamabad | 251 | Urdu, English; Punjabi | Rupee (₨) | Punjabi 45%, Pashtun 15%, Sindhi 14% |
| Afghanistan | 1747 | Kabul | 43 | Pashto, Dari (Persian) | Afghani (؋) | Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9% |
| Bangladesh | 1971 | Dhaka | 174 | Bengali | Taka (৳) | Bengali 98% |
| Sri Lanka | 1948 | Colombo | 21.9 | Sinhala, Tamil | Rupee (₨) | Sinhalese 75%, Tamil 15%, Moor 9% |
| Nepal | 1768 | Kathmandu | 29.7 | Nepali | Rupee (₨) | Chhetri 17%, Bahun 12%, Magar 7%, 120+ groups |
| Bhutan | 1907 | Thimphu | 0.8 | Dzongkha | Ngultrum (Nu) | Ngalop/Sharchop 75%, Lhotshampa 25% |
| Maldives | 1965 | Malé | 0.52 | Dhivehi | Rufiyaa (Rf) | Maldivian ~98% |
| China | 221 BC / 1949 | Beijing | 1416 | Mandarin Chinese | Yuan / Renminbi (¥) | Han 92%; 55 minorities (Zhuang, Uyghur, Tibetan) |
| Japan | 660 BC (trad.) | Tokyo | 123 | Japanese | Yen (¥) | Japanese 98% |
| South Korea | 1948 | Seoul | 51.7 | Korean | Won (₩) | Korean 96% |
| North Korea | 1948 | Pyongyang | 26 | Korean | Won (₩) | Korean ~100% |
| Taiwan | 1912 (ROC) | Taipei | 23.4 | Mandarin Chinese | New Taiwan dollar (NT$) | Han 95% (Hoklo 70%), Indigenous 2.5% |
| Mongolia | 1206 / 1921 | Ulaanbaatar | 3.5 | Mongolian | Tögrög (₮) | Khalkha Mongol 84%, Kazakh 4% |
| Indonesia | 1945 | Jakarta | 284 | Indonesian | Rupiah (Rp) | Javanese 40%, Sundanese 16%, 1,300 groups |
| Vietnam | 1945 | Hanoi | 101 | Vietnamese | Đồng (₫) | Kinh (Viet) 85%, 53 minorities |
| Philippines | 1946 | Manila | 116 | Filipino, English | Peso (₱) | Tagalog 24%, Bisaya/Cebuano 22%, Ilocano 8% |
| Thailand | 1238 | Bangkok | 71.7 | Thai | Baht (฿) | Thai 95% (incl. Isan Lao), Chinese-Thai heritage 14% |
| Malaysia | 1957 | Kuala Lumpur | 34.7 | Malay | Ringgit (RM) | Malay/Bumiputera 70%, Chinese 22%, Indian 7% |
| Singapore | 1965 | Singapore | 6 | English, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil | Singapore dollar ($) | Chinese 74%, Malay 13.5%, Indian 9% |
| Myanmar | 1948 | Naypyidaw | 54.5 | Burmese | Kyat (K) | Bamar 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rohingya |
| Cambodia | 1953 | Phnom Penh | 17 | Khmer | Riel (៛) | Khmer 95% |
| Laos | 1953 | Vientiane | 7.7 | Lao | Kip (₭) | Lao 53%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 9% |
| Brunei | 1984 | Bandar Seri Begawan | 0.46 | Malay | Brunei dollar ($) | Malay 66%, Chinese 10% |
| Timor-Leste | 2002 | Dili | 1.4 | Tetum, Portuguese | US dollar ($) | Austronesian/Papuan (Tetum largest) |
| Australia | 1901 | Canberra | 27 | English | Australian dollar ($) | European 76%, Asian 17%, Indigenous 3.8% |
| New Zealand | 1907 | Wellington | 5.3 | English, Māori | NZ dollar ($) | European 68%, Māori 17.8%, Asian 17% |
| Papua New Guinea | 1975 | Port Moresby | 10.4 | Tok Pisin, English + 830 langs. | Kina (K) | Melanesian; 800+ ethnic groups |
| Fiji | 1970 | Suva | 0.9 | Fijian, English, Hindi | Fiji dollar ($) | iTaukei 62%, Indo-Fijian 34% |
| Solomon Islands | 1978 | Honiara | 0.8 | English; Pijin | SI dollar ($) | Melanesian 95% |
| Vanuatu | 1980 | Port Vila | 0.33 | Bislama, English, French | Vatu (VT) | Ni-Vanuatu (Melanesian) 98% |
| Samoa | 1962 | Apia | 0.22 | Samoan, English | Tālā ($) | Samoan 96% |
| Tonga | 1970 | Nukuʻalofa | 0.1 | Tongan, English | Paʻanga (T$) | Tongan 97% |
| Kiribati | 1979 | Tarawa | 0.13 | Gilbertese, English | Australian dollar ($) | I-Kiribati 96% |
| Tuvalu | 1978 | Funafuti | 0.01 | Tuvaluan, English | Australian dollar ($) | Tuvaluan 96% |
| Nauru | 1968 | Yaren | 0.01 | Nauruan, English | Australian dollar ($) | Nauruan 88% |
| Marshall Islands | 1986 | Majuro | 0.04 | Marshallese, English | US dollar ($) | Marshallese 92% |
| Micronesia | 1986 | Palikir | 0.11 | English + local | US dollar ($) | Chuukese 49%, Pohnpeian 30% |
| Palau | 1994 | Ngerulmud | 0.02 | Palauan, English | US dollar ($) | Palauan 73%, Filipino 16% |

## Influence ranking (composite index)

A weighted composite in the tradition of the Correlates of War CINC and the Lowy Institute Power Index, built from six 0–100 components: **Network position** (weighted centrality in this map — defense edges count 3.0, proxy/leverage 2.4, UNSC alignment 2.0, economic/energy 1.5, influence 1.0, cultural 0.7, membership 0.5, with a neighbour-quality term), **Economic mass** (log of nominal GDP), **Income level** (log of GDP per capita), **Military weight** — itself a blend: spending 30%, nuclear warheads 18%, active personnel 12%, combat aircraft 12%, submarines 10%, overseas deployments 8%, drone capability 6%, military AI 4% (IISS/SIPRI/FAS counts; deployment, drone and AI factors are structured 0–100 judgments) —, **Resource endowment** (a critical-materials matrix: shares of world production or reserves in rare earths mined and refined, gallium, germanium, cobalt, lithium, nickel, graphite, tungsten, platinum-group metals, uranium, copper, bauxite, phosphate, potash, plus energy, food and chokepoint assets — per USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries and IEA critical-minerals data), and **Institutional power** (UNSC seat and veto, G7/EU/NATO/BRICS membership, reserve-currency status). Balanced weights: network 25%, economy 22%, military 22%, resources 13%, institutions 10%, income 8%. The interactive map's Ranks button lets you re-weight live (Balanced / Hard power / Network & soft). Figures are approximate orientation values, not precision data.

| # | Country | Score | GDP $bn | GDP/cap $k | Mil. $bn | Troops k | Aircraft | Subs | Warheads | Key resource & capability shares |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 93.1 | 30,300 | 89.0 | 997.0 | 1,328 | 2,750 | 71 | 5,177 | Helium 46%; Gas 25%; Oil 20%; Rare earths (mined) 12%; Corn & soy exports 30%; Chip design 70% |
| 2 | China | 81.8 | 19,200 | 13.6 | 314.0 | 2,035 | 1,970 | 61 | 600 | Gallium 98%; Rare earths (refined) 90%; Magnesium 87%; Tungsten 80%; Graphite 77%; Battery cells 75%; Rare earths (mined) 69%; Aluminium 58%; Germanium 60%; Steel 54% |
| 3 | Russia | 63.4 | 2,200 | 15.3 | 149.0 | 1,320 | 1,300 | 63 | 4,309 | Palladium 40%; Uranium enrichment 40%; Diamonds 30%; Gas reserves 20%; Wheat exports 20%; Oil 12%; Nickel 9%; Titanium sponge 15% |
| 4 | France | 56.1 | 3,280 | 49.0 | 65.0 | 200 | 225 | 9 | 290 | Nuclear power share 65%; Luxury goods 30% |
| 5 | United Kingdom | 53.1 | 3,840 | 55.0 | 82.0 | 138 | 145 | 10 | 225 | FX trading (London) 38% |
| 6 | India | 46.2 | 4,270 | 2.9 | 86.0 | 1,460 | 600 | 18 | 180 | Rice exports 40%; Generic medicines 20%; Iron ore 9%; Steel 7% |
| 7 | Japan | 45.6 | 4,190 | 33.5 | 55.0 | 247 | 330 | 22 | — | Photoresists 90%; Silicon wafers 55%; Machine tools 15% |
| 8 | Germany | 41.4 | 4,920 | 58.0 | 88.5 | 181 | 210 | 6 | — | Machine tools 18%; Chemicals 9% |
| 9 | Turkey | 39.0 | 1,440 | 16.8 | 25.0 | 355 | 270 | 12 | — | Boron reserves 62%; Drones |
| 10 | Australia | 39.0 | 1,880 | 70.0 | 34.0 | 57 | 100 | 6 | — | Lithium 47%; Iron ore 38%; Bauxite 27%; LNG exports 20%; Gold 10%; Uranium 8%; Rare earths (top non-China miner) |
| 11 | Israel | 37.3 | 583 | 58.0 | 46.5 | 170 | 340 | 5 | 90 | Bromine 25%; Cyber & arms exports; E. Med gas |
| 12 | South Korea | 35.6 | 1,950 | 37.5 | 48.0 | 500 | 470 | 21 | — | Memory chips 60%; Shipbuilding 28% |
| 13 | Canada | 34.9 | 2,330 | 57.0 | 29.0 | 68 | 85 | 4 | — | Potash 33%; Uranium 15%; Oil reserves 10%; Diamonds 10%; Nickel 5% |
| 14 | Iran | 34.9 | 400 | 4.6 | 12.0 | 610 | 150 | 19 | — | Gas reserves 17%; Oil reserves 9%; Saffron 90%; Zinc & lead reserves (top-5); Copper 1.5%; Iron ore 2% |
| 15 | Italy | 34.7 | 2,460 | 41.5 | 38.0 | 165 | 190 | 8 | — | Machinery & luxury |
| 16 | Brazil | 34.4 | 2,310 | 10.8 | 25.0 | 360 | 90 | 6 | — | Niobium 90%; Soy exports 37%; Rare-earth reserves 21%; Iron ore 17%; Bauxite 9% |
| 17 | Saudi Arabia | 33.1 | 1,140 | 32.0 | 80.0 | 260 | 280 | — | — | Oil reserves 17%; Oil production 11% |
| 18 | Netherlands | 32.2 | 1,270 | 70.0 | 22.0 | 41 | 50 | 4 | — | EUV lithography 100%; Gas trading hub |
| 19 | Spain | 31.0 | 1,800 | 36.5 | 24.0 | 122 | 140 | 3 | — | Olive oil 45%; Renewables |
| 20 | Taiwan | 30.9 | 880 | 38.0 | 19.0 | 170 | 290 | 3 | — | Advanced chips 90% |
| 21 | UAE | 30.1 | 569 | 55.0 | 22.0 | 63 | 150 | — | — | Oil 4%; Ports network |
| 22 | Indonesia | 29.5 | 1,490 | 5.2 | 11.0 | 400 | 110 | 4 | — | Palm oil 58%; Nickel 55%; Coal exports 30%; Tin 22% |
| 23 | Poland | 29.2 | 980 | 26.0 | 38.0 | 210 | 110 | 1 | — | Silver 5%; Copper 3%; EU logistics |
| 24 | Pakistan | 28.0 | 410 | 1.7 | 10.2 | 660 | 420 | 8 | 170 | Rice exports 8%; Textiles |
| 25 | Ukraine | 27.5 | 200 | 5.3 | 64.8 | 800 | 90 | — | — | Sunflower oil 45%; Neon, chip-grade (pre-war) 50%; Titanium ores 6%; Grain exports |
| 26 | Denmark | 27.3 | 430 | 71.0 | 8.1 | 16 | 40 | — | — | Container shipping (Maersk) 15%; Greenland rare-earth deposits (major, undeveloped); Diabetes drugs (Novo) |
| 27 | Switzerland | 26.8 | 999 | 111.0 | 6.3 | 100 | 40 | — | — | Commodity trading 30%; Pharma 8% |
| 28 | Sweden | 26.7 | 640 | 60.0 | 12.0 | 25 | 95 | 4 | — | EU iron ore 90% |
| 29 | Mexico | 25.8 | 1,900 | 14.5 | 13.0 | 216 | 10 | — | — | Silver 24%; Fluorspar 18%; Nearshored manufacturing |
| 30 | Singapore | 25.6 | 565 | 93.0 | 14.0 | 51 | 100 | 4 | — | Refining & trading hub; Chip fabs 5% |
| 31 | Greece | 25.2 | 250 | 24.0 | 8.0 | 132 | 200 | 10 | — | Shipping fleet 21% |
| 32 | Egypt | 24.7 | 380 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 440 | 400 | 8 | — | Suez transit 12% |
| 33 | Norway | 24.7 | 510 | 92.0 | 10.5 | 23 | 50 | 6 | — | Gas (EU top supplier); Hydro & salmon |
| 34 | Chile | 23.7 | 350 | 17.5 | 5.7 | 77 | 45 | 4 | — | Iodine 65%; Rhenium 55%; Copper 24%; Lithium 24%; Molybdenum 20% |
| 35 | Qatar | 23.6 | 240 | 80.0 | 13.0 | 17 | 96 | — | — | Helium 30%; LNG exports 20% |
| 36 | South Africa | 23.1 | 410 | 6.7 | 3.0 | 71 | 24 | 3 | — | Platinum group 70%; Chrome 45%; Manganese 36%; Titanium minerals 12%; Vanadium 8% |
| 37 | Vietnam | 22.3 | 510 | 5.1 | 7.0 | 470 | 75 | 6 | — | Rare-earth reserves 18%; Tungsten 5%; Electronics assembly |
| 38 | Argentina | 21.3 | 683 | 14.8 | 4.0 | 83 | 25 | 2 | — | Soy products 40%; Lithium 10% |
| 39 | Thailand | 21.0 | 545 | 7.7 | 5.8 | 360 | 75 | — | — | Rice exports 13%; Auto assembly |
| 40 | Malaysia | 20.1 | 470 | 13.7 | 4.2 | 113 | 40 | 2 | — | Palm oil 25%; Chip packaging 13%; Rare-earth refining (top non-China plant) |
| 41 | Algeria | 19.7 | 270 | 5.8 | 18.0 | 140 | 130 | 6 | — | Gas (EU #3 supplier) |
| 42 | Kazakhstan | 18.4 | 300 | 15.0 | 2.0 | 39 | 95 | — | — | Uranium 43%; Chromium 16% |
| 43 | Morocco | 17.9 | 157 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 195 | 55 | — | — | Phosphate reserves 70%; Fertilizer exports (OCP) |
| 44 | Peru | 16.1 | 290 | 8.5 | 2.9 | 95 | 25 | 6 | — | Silver 15%; Copper 10%; Zinc 10%; Tin 7% |
| 45 | Bangladesh | 15.9 | 470 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 163 | 45 | 2 | — | Garment exports 8% |
| 46 | Ethiopia | 14.3 | 160 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 150 | 24 | — | — | Tantalum 9%; Coffee 10%; Nile hydro (GERD) |
| 47 | DR Congo | 10.9 | 79 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 100 | 5 | — | — | Cobalt 70%; Tantalum 35%; Copper 8%; Tin 6% |
| 48 | Nigeria | 9.5 | 200 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 143 | 15 | — | — | Oil (Africa #1) 3% |
| 49 | Guinea | 4.7 | 26 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 12 | 5 | — | — | Bauxite 25%; Simandou iron ore (largest untapped) |

Ranking sources: [IMF World Economic Outlook (GDP, 2025 est.)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO); [SIPRI Military Expenditure Database (2024)](https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex); [USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries](https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/mineral-commodity-summaries); [Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy](https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review); [Lowy Institute Power Index (methodology model)](https://power.lowyinstitute.org); [Composite Index of National Capability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Composite%20Index%20of%20National%20Capability); [IEA Critical Minerals Data Explorer](https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/critical-minerals-data-explorer); [Book: Material World (Ed Conway)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Material%20World); [Book: The Rare Metals War (Guillaume Pitron)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Rare%20Metals%20War); [IISS, The Military Balance (forces & equipment)](https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/); [FAS Nuclear Notebook / SIPRI Yearbook (warheads)](https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/); [Book: The Kill Chain (Christian Brose)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Kill%20Chain); [Book: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (Paul Kennedy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers)

## Levers and bargaining chips

Beyond treaties and trade, states bargain with structure: chokepoints they sit on, rivers they sit above, money and students that flow through them, companies nobody else can replace. These are drawn on the map as pink 'structural leverage' lines where the lever points at a specific neighbour, and as cards on each country's dossier. The full set:

- **Switzerland — Banking & trading haven** (Finance): The top offshore wealth center (~$2.4tn of foreign money) and, via Geneva and Zug, home to the houses that trade a third of the world's oil and grain — neutrality monetized. Sources: [Banking in Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Banking%20in%20Switzerland); [Book: The World for Sale (Javier Blas & Jack Farchy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20World%20for%20Sale)
- **Switzerland — Protecting power** (Quiet diplomacy): Represents the US in Iran (since 1980) and has carried messages for dozens of estranged pairs — a small state indispensable to its betters' quarrels. Sources: [Protecting power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Protecting%20power); [Book: Treasury's War (Juan Zarate)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Treasury%27s%20War)
- **United States — The dollar & SWIFT** (Finance): Reserve currency plus oversight of the payment rails equals the sanctions superpower: it can amputate whole economies from world finance. Sources: [Book: Underground Empire (Farrell & Newman)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Underground%20Empire); [Book: Treasury's War (Juan Zarate)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Treasury%27s%20War)
- **United States — Talent magnet** (Students & diaspora): Over a million international students and the world's research engine — tuition, talent capture and alumni networks as durable soft power. Sources: [International students in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/International%20students%20in%20the%20United%20States)
- **China — The student lever** (Students & diaspora): Around a million Chinese students abroad are the top fee-payers of US, UK and Australian universities — a revenue stream Beijing can slow with a travel advisory. Sources: [Chinese students abroad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chinese%20students%20abroad); [International education in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/International%20education%20in%20Australia)
- **China — Rare-earth chokehold** (Resources): ~70% of mining and ~90% of refining; 2025 export licensing turned magnets and processing into an explicit bargaining chip. Sources: [Rare-earth industry in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rare-earth%20industry%20in%20China); [Book: Chip War (Chris Miller)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chip%20War)
- **China — The world's factory** (Manufacturing): Roughly 30% of global manufacturing value added — more than the next four countries combined — makes decoupling everyone else's problem. Sources: [Manufacturing in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Manufacturing%20in%20China); [Book: The Long Game (Rush Doshi)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Long%20Game)
- **China — Asia's water tower** (Water): The Tibetan Plateau holds the headwaters of the Mekong, Brahmaputra, Salween and Indus — upstream position over two billion people. Sources: [Tibetan Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tibetan%20Plateau); [Book: Prisoners of Geography (Tim Marshall)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Prisoners%20of%20Geography)
- **China — Overseas Chinese networks** (Students & diaspora): Some 40-50m overseas Chinese dominate business across Southeast Asia - a bridge for Beijing and a source of local suspicion at once. Sources: [Overseas Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Overseas%20Chinese)
- **Russia — Energy, grain, atoms** (Resources): Pipelines east and west, the world's top wheat exports, and Rosatom's ~40% of enrichment capacity — food, fuel and fuel-rods as instruments. Sources: [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map); [Rosatom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rosatom)
- **United Kingdom — The City & its islands** (Finance): London clears global finance while its offshore web (Jersey, BVI, Cayman) books the world's discretion — reach that outlives the fleet. Sources: [City of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/City%20of%20London); [Book: Underground Empire (Farrell & Newman)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Underground%20Empire)
- **United Kingdom — University exports** (Students & diaspora): ~750,000 international students, second only to the US; several universities' budgets lean on Chinese enrolment in particular. Sources: [International students in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/International%20students%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom)
- **Germany — Machines that make machines** (Manufacturing): The Mittelstand's hidden champions dominate the machine tools, chemicals and components everyone else's factories need. Sources: [Mittelstand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mittelstand)
- **Japan — Upstream of every chip** (Manufacturing): Near-monopolies in photoresists, wafers and precision equipment: quiet veto points in the semiconductor chain, used against Korea in 2019. Sources: [Book: Chip War (Chris Miller)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chip%20War); [Semiconductor industry in Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Semiconductor%20industry%20in%20Japan)
- **South Korea — Memory & ships** (Manufacturing): Samsung and SK hynix hold most of the world's memory-chip output; Korean yards build half its big ships — scale as strategy. Sources: [Book: Chip War (Chris Miller)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chip%20War)
- **Taiwan — The silicon shield** (Manufacturing): TSMC fabs ~90% of leading-edge logic chips: the one industrial asset the whole world cannot afford to see burn. Sources: [Book: Chip War (Chris Miller)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chip%20War); [TSMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/TSMC)
- **Netherlands — One company, one gate** (Manufacturing): ASML is the sole maker of EUV lithography machines; whoever writes Dutch export rules gatekeeps the chip frontier. Rotterdam adds Europe's biggest port. Sources: [ASML Holding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/ASML%20Holding); [Book: Chip War (Chris Miller)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chip%20War)
- **Norway — The universal shareholder** (Sovereign stakes): The $1.9tn oil fund owns ~1.5% of every listed company on earth — an ethical-screening lever felt in boardrooms everywhere. Sources: [Government Pension Fund of Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Government%20Pension%20Fund%20of%20Norway)
- **Denmark — The Baltic's doorway** (Chokepoint): Every ship leaving the Baltic passes Danish straits; pipelines and cables cross them — and Greenland makes Copenhagen an Arctic landlord the US leans on. Sources: [Danish straits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Danish%20straits); [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greenland)
- **Turkey — Keeper of the Straits** (Chokepoint): The Bosphorus and Dardanelles under the Montreux Convention: Ankara closed the Black Sea to warships in 2022 — a treaty right no navy can bypass. Sources: [Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits); [Book: The Power of Geography (Tim Marshall)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Power%20of%20Geography)
- **Turkey — Two rivers' headworks** (Water): The GAP dam system on the Tigris and Euphrates puts Syria's and Iraq's water behind Turkish gates. Sources: [Southeastern Anatolia Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeastern%20Anatolia%20Project)
- **Egypt — Suez tolls & risk** (Chokepoint): ~12% of world trade and $9bn a year in tolls pass its canal — leverage that the Red Sea crisis showed cuts both ways. Sources: [Suez Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal); [Book: Prisoners of Geography (Tim Marshall)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Prisoners%20of%20Geography)
- **Egypt — Downstream nation** (Water): 97% of its fresh water arrives via the Nile from upstream — the mirror image of leverage, and the reason the GERD is existential in Cairo. Sources: [Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam)
- **Iran — Astride Hormuz** (Chokepoint): A fifth of the world's oil sails past its shore; the 2026 mining of the strait proved the threat was never rhetorical. Sources: [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz)
- **Iran — The Zagros fortress** (Terrain): Mountain walls that have deterred invasion for centuries underwrite Tehran's appetite for risk abroad. Sources: [Book: The Revenge of Geography (Robert D. Kaplan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Revenge%20of%20Geography)
- **Oman — Hormuz's other shore** (Chokepoint): Shares the strait's traffic lanes and keeps every side's phone number — geography plus discretion as a business model. Sources: [Strait of Hormuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz)
- **Qatar — Wealth woven in** (Sovereign stakes): QIA stakes in Heathrow, Harrods, the Shard, Barclays, Volkswagen and PSG: sovereign money that buys standing, access and goodwill across the West. Sources: [Qatar Investment Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar%20Investment%20Authority)
- **UAE — Ports & funds** (Sovereign stakes): DP World runs terminals in ~40 countries and ADIA/Mubadala deploy near a trillion dollars — logistics and capital as an empire of nodes. Sources: [DP World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/DP%20World); [Abu Dhabi Investment Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abu%20Dhabi%20Investment%20Authority)
- **Saudi Arabia — PIF & the petrodollar** (Sovereign stakes): Swing producer whose surpluses recycle into US Treasuries, sports, gaming and tech — buying influence on both sides of every divide. Sources: [Public Investment Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public%20Investment%20Fund); [Book: The New Map (Daniel Yergin)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20New%20Map)
- **Singapore — Malacca's gatekeeper** (Chokepoint): A quarter of world trade and most of East Asia's oil pass its doorstep; GIC and Temasek add a sovereign-capital arm. Sources: [Strait of Malacca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Strait%20of%20Malacca); [Temasek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Temasek)
- **Panama — The Canal** (Chokepoint): ~5% of world trade and 40% of US container traffic — which is exactly why Washington's 2025 pressure landed here. Sources: [Panama Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal)
- **Djibouti — Rent from geography** (Chokepoint): Perched on Bab el-Mandeb, it leases bases to the US, China, France and Japan at once — location as the entire national business. Sources: [Bab-el-Mandeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bab-el-Mandeb)
- **Yemen — The shore that closes seas** (Chokepoint): The Houthis proved Bab el-Mandeb can be shut from the beach with cheap drones — chokepoint power without a navy. Sources: [Red Sea crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red%20Sea%20crisis)
- **Ethiopia — The Nile's new tap** (Water): Africa's biggest dam gives Addis Ababa power exports and seasonal control upstream of 150 million Egyptians and Sudanese. Sources: [Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam); [Book: The Power of Geography (Tim Marshall)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Power%20of%20Geography)
- **India — Indus headgates** (Water): After suspending the Indus Waters Treaty in 2025, Delhi holds the rivers that irrigate Pakistan — declared, no longer implicit, leverage. Sources: [Indus Waters Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty)
- **India — The diaspora dividend** (Students & diaspora): The world's largest diaspora (~18m), ~$120bn in remittances and a CEO network from Silicon Valley to Whitehall. Sources: [Indian diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indian%20diaspora)
- **Tajikistan — Rogun's reservoir** (Water): The world's tallest dam gives a poor upstream state real say over downstream Uzbek and Kazakh farming. Sources: [Rogun Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rogun%20Dam)
- **Afghanistan — Graveyard terrain** (Terrain): The Hindu Kush has bled every empire that entered — mountains as a standing veto on foreign ambition. Sources: [Book: The Revenge of Geography (Robert D. Kaplan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The%20Revenge%20of%20Geography)
- **DR Congo — The cobalt Gulf** (Resources): ~70% of world cobalt: the battery age's Persian Gulf, mined in conditions that give Kinshasa moral as well as market leverage. Sources: [Book: Cobalt Red (Siddharth Kara)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cobalt%20Red); [Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mining%20industry%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo)
- **Chile — Copper & lithium** (Resources): A quarter of world copper and the second lithium reserve — the electrification century runs through the Atacama. Sources: [Mining in Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mining%20in%20Chile)
- **Indonesia — Nickel statecraft** (Resources): Half the world's nickel plus an export ban that forced smelters and battery plants onshore — resource nationalism that worked. Sources: [Nickel mining in Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nickel%20mining%20in%20Indonesia)
- **Morocco — Phosphate power** (Resources): ~70% of world phosphate reserves: whoever feeds the soil feeds the century, and OCP holds the vault. Sources: [OCP Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/OCP%20Group)
- **Niger — Uranium politics** (Resources): Fueled French reactors for decades; the junta's expulsion of Orano turned yellowcake into a lever against Paris. Sources: [Uranium mining in Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranium%20mining%20in%20Niger)
- **Kazakhstan — Uranium giant** (Resources): ~40% of world uranium via Kazatomprom — quietly indispensable to every nuclear program's fuel math. Sources: [Kazatomprom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kazatomprom)
- **Australia — Degrees & ore** (Students & diaspora): International education is a ~A$50bn export — heavily Chinese-paying — stacked on iron-ore and lithium dominance: prosperity with one big customer. Sources: [International education in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/International%20education%20in%20Australia); [Mining in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mining%20in%20Australia)
- **Canada — Potash, uranium, students** (Resources): World #1 in potash and #2 in uranium, plus a ~C$37bn international-student economy — commodity and campus leverage combined. Sources: [International students in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/International%20students%20in%20Canada)
- **Philippines — Crews of the world** (Students & diaspora): About a quarter of the world's seafarers and a global nursing corps: labor exports that make Manila quietly load-bearing. Sources: [Overseas Filipinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Overseas%20Filipinos)
- **Mexico — Nearshoring's winner** (Manufacturing): Now the United States' #1 trade partner as factories hedge out of China — geography converted into assembly lines. Sources: [Economy of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Economy%20of%20Mexico)
- **Brazil — The food superpower** (Resources): Top exporter of soy, beef, sugar and coffee, with the Amazon as a climate card the whole planet must bid for. Sources: [Agriculture in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Agriculture%20in%20Brazil)
- **Lebanon — A nation abroad** (Students & diaspora): An 8-14m diaspora from Sao Paulo to West Africa and the Gulf outnumbers the homeland and wires it money, votes and clout. Sources: [Lebanese diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lebanese%20diaspora)

## The UN Security Council

Fifteen seats decide on war and peace: five permanent members with veto power (United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China) and ten elected members on two-year terms. In 2026 the elected ten are Denmark, Greece, Pakistan, Panama and Somalia (terms to end-2026) and Bahrain, Colombia, DR Congo, Latvia and Liberia (terms to end-2027).

Vetoes since 1946, per the UN's own dataset (approx.): Soviet Union/Russia ~160 · United States ~90, mostly on Middle East texts · United Kingdom 29 and France 16, none since 1989 · China ~20, almost always cast jointly with Russia. 2024 saw eight vetoes — the most since 1986; in 2026 so far there has been one: the joint Russia–China veto of the Hormuz draft.

Voting blocs in practice: the US, UK and France (the 'P3') draft and vote together on nearly every file, with London and Paris abstaining in tandem on the rare occasions they break with Washington (as on the 2025 Ukraine text); Russia and China (the 'P2') veto and abstain in tandem, China almost never acting alone. These alignments are drawn on the map as pale-blue 'UNSC voting alignment' lines among the five.

### Latest recorded votes

| Date | Item | Result | P5 positions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7 Apr 2026 | Strait of Hormuz maritime-security draft (Bahrain/GCC + Jordan) | 11–2–2 · NOT adopted — vetoed | For: US, UK, France · VETO: Russia, China |
| 11 Mar 2026 | Res 2817 — condemns Iran's attacks on the Gulf states and Jordan | 13–0–2 · adopted | For: US, UK, France · Abstain: Russia, China |
| 17 Nov 2025 | Res 2803 — Gaza: 'Board of Peace' and stabilization force | 13–0–2 · adopted | For: US, UK, France · Abstain: Russia, China |
| 6 Nov 2025 | Res 2799 — lifts UN sanctions on Syria's new leadership | 14–0–1 · adopted | For: US, UK, France, Russia · Abstain: China |
| 31 Oct 2025 | Res 2797 — Western Sahara: talks on the basis of Moroccan autonomy | 11–0–3 · adopted | For: US, UK, France · Abstain: Russia, China |
| 19 Sep 2025 | Iran 'snapback' — draft to keep JCPOA sanctions relief | 4–9–2 · NOT adopted | For: Russia, China · Against: US, UK, France |
| 4 Jun 2025 | Gaza ceasefire and hostage-release draft | 14–1–0 · NOT adopted — US veto | VETO: US · For: UK, France, Russia, China |
| 24 Feb 2025 | Res 2774 — Ukraine, third anniversary (US text) | 10–0–5 · adopted | For: US, Russia, China · Abstain: UK, France |
| 18 Apr 2024 | Palestinian full UN membership draft | 12–1–2 · NOT adopted — US veto | VETO: US · For: France, Russia, China · Abstain: UK |
| 28 Mar 2024 | North Korea sanctions Panel of Experts renewal | 13–1–1 · NOT adopted — Russia veto | VETO: Russia · Abstain: China · For: US, UK, France |

Recorded elected-member deviations: 7 Apr 2026 — Colombia and Pakistan abstained; 19 Sep 2025 — Pakistan voted with Russia and China to keep Iran sanctions relief; 31 Oct 2025 — Pakistan abstained and Algeria did not take part; 24 Feb 2025 — Denmark and Greece abstained alongside the UK, France and Slovenia. Every other current member voted in favour on those texts.

Vote sources (original UN records where available):

- **7 Apr 2026 — Strait of Hormuz maritime-security draft (Bahrain/GCC + Jordan):** [UN meeting record (SC/16330)](https://press.un.org/en/2026/sc16330.doc.htm); [UN News, 7 Apr 2026](https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261); [SCR mid-year scorecard 2026](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-08/in-hindsight-the-security-council-in-2026-mid-year-scorecard-and-looking-ahead.php)
- **11 Mar 2026 — Res 2817 — condemns Iran's attacks on the Gulf states and Jordan:** [UN meeting record (SC/16315)](https://press.un.org/en/2026/sc16315.doc.htm); [S/RES/2817 (2026), original text](https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2817%282026%29)
- **17 Nov 2025 — Res 2803 — Gaza: 'Board of Peace' and stabilization force:** [S/RES/2803 (2025), original text](https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2803%282025%29); [United Nations Security Council Resolution 2803](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%202803)
- **6 Nov 2025 — Res 2799 — lifts UN sanctions on Syria's new leadership:** [S/RES/2799 (2025), original text](https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2799%282025%29); [United Nations Security Council Resolution 2799](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%202799)
- **31 Oct 2025 — Res 2797 — Western Sahara: talks on the basis of Moroccan autonomy:** [S/RES/2797 (2025), original text](https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2797%282025%29); [United Nations Security Council Resolution 2797](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%202797)
- **19 Sep 2025 — Iran 'snapback' — draft to keep JCPOA sanctions relief:** [S/RES/2231 (2015) — the snapback mechanism](https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2231%282015%29); [Snapback of United Nations sanctions against Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Snapback%20of%20United%20Nations%20sanctions%20against%20Iran)
- **4 Jun 2025 — Gaza ceasefire and hostage-release draft:** [UN veto dataset (DPPA)](https://psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES); [United States and the United Nations Security Council vetoes on the Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20States%20and%20the%20United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20vetoes%20on%20the%20Gaza%20war)
- **24 Feb 2025 — Res 2774 — Ukraine, third anniversary (US text):** [S/RES/2774 (2025), original text](https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2774%282025%29); [United Nations Security Council Resolution 2774](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%202774)
- **18 Apr 2024 — Palestinian full UN membership draft:** [Special report on the veto (original UN doc)](https://www.un.org/unispal/?p=300267); [UN veto dataset (DPPA)](https://psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES)
- **28 Mar 2024 — North Korea sanctions Panel of Experts renewal:** [GA veto-debate summary (original UN doc)](https://www.un.org/pga/wp-content/uploads/sites/108/2024/04/2024-04-11-Summary-Veto-Debate-DPRK.pdf); [UN veto dataset (DPPA)](https://psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES)

On the Council specifically: Loraine Sievers & Sam Daws, *The Procedure of the UN Security Council*; David Bosco, *Five to Rule Them All*; Jennifer Trahan, *Existing Legal Limits to Security Council Veto Power in the Face of Atrocity Crimes*. Vote data throughout comes from the UN's own records: press.un.org meeting coverage, undocs.org resolution texts, the DPPA veto dataset (psdata.un.org/dataset/DPPA-SCVETOES) and Security Council special reports to the General Assembly.

## Sources

The structure and judgments here draw on published books of geopolitics and grand strategy rather than daily news coverage, cross-checked against encyclopedic references for rosters and dates.

Books: Zbigniew Brzezinski, *The Grand Chessboard*; Henry Kissinger, *World Order*; John Mearsheimer, *The Tragedy of Great Power Politics*; Graham Allison, *Destined for War*; Paul Kennedy, *The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers*; Tim Marshall, *Prisoners of Geography* and *The Power of Geography*; Robert D. Kaplan, *The Revenge of Geography*; Peter Frankopan, *The Silk Roads* and *The New Silk Roads*; Daniel Yergin, *The New Map*; Rush Doshi, *The Long Game*; Chris Miller, *Chip War*; Henry Farrell & Abraham Newman, *Underground Empire*; Juan Zarate, *Treasury's War*; Vali Nasr, *The Shia Revival*; Kim Ghattas, *Black Wave*; Siddharth Kara, *Cobalt Red*; Javier Blas & Jack Farchy, *The World for Sale*; Nicholas Ostler, *Empires of the Word*; William Dalrymple, *The Anarchy*; Adam Hochschild, *King Leopold's Ghost*; Ed Conway, *Material World*; Guillaume Pitron, *The Rare Metals War*; Christian Brose, *The Kill Chain*.

Flag artwork: Twemoji v15.1 (github.com/jdecked/twemoji), © Twemoji contributors, licensed CC-BY 4.0; embedded inline so the map works offline on every platform.

Reference articles (Wikipedia anchors for rosters, treaties and dates): NATO; European Union; BRICS; Shanghai Cooperation Organisation; CSTO; Belt and Road Initiative; Axis of Resistance; Abraham Accords; Major non-NATO ally; AUKUS; Quadrilateral Security Dialogue; Compact of Free Association; Wagner Group; Alliance of Sahel States; ASEAN; African Union; OPEC; Gulf Cooperation Council; Organization of Turkic States; Mercosur; Pacific Islands Forum; CARICOM; Organization of American States.